THE FRAUD OF “CLEAN” NATURAL GAS – How Big Oil and Gas Created the Myth that Natural Gas is a Climate Solution

https://climateintegrity.org/evidence/gas-deception

Footnotes for each section of the report

Executive Summary

i United Nations Environment Programme, “Facts about Methane,” https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/energy/facts-about-methane

ii International Energy Agency, Global Energy Review (2025), https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/5b169aa1-bc88-4c96-b828-aaa50406ba80/ GlobalEnergyReview2025.pdf

iii Siru Yang et al., “Associations of Long-Term Exposure to Nitrogen Oxides with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality,” Nature Communications 16 (February 18, 2025), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-56963-y.

iv Ishani Kar-Purkayastha et al., British Journal of General Practice (August 2012), https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp12X653480

v Climate and Clean Air Coalition and United Nations Environment Programme, Global Methane Assessment: Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Methane Emissions (2021), https://www.ccacoalition.org/sites/default/files/resources/2021_Global- Methane_Assessment_full_0.pdf

vi Sebastian T. Rowland et al., “Downstream Natural Gas Composition across the U.S. and Canada: Implications for Indoor Methane Leaks and Hazardous Air Pollutant Exposures,” Environmental Research Letters (2024), https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ ad416c. Climate and Clean Air Coalition and United Nations Environment Programme, Global Methane Assessment: Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Methane Emissions (2021), https://www.ccacoalition.org/sites/default/files/resources/2021_Global- Methane_Assessment_full_0.pdf

vii Climate and Clean Air Coalition and United Nations Environment Programme, Global Methane Assessment: Benefits and Costs of Mitigating Methane Emissions (2021), https://www.ccacoalition. org/sites/default/files/resources/2021_Global- Methane_Assessment_full_0.pdf

Section 1: The Invention of the “Clean” Gas Myth (1968-1974)

1 E. Robinson and R. C. Robbins, Sources, Abundance, and Fate of Gaseous Atmospheric Pollutants (Stanford Research Institute, February 1968), Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library, University of California, Los Angeles, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26186570-1968-srireport- for-api/#document/p102/a2674266

2 Robinson and Robbins, Sources, Abundance, and Fate of Gaseous Atmospheric Pollutants https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/ documents/26186570-1968-sri-report-for-api/#document/p102/a2674267

3 Robinson and Robbins, Sources, Abundance, and Fate of Gaseous Atmospheric Pollutants https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/ documents/26186570-1968-sri-report-for-api/#document/p109/a2674276.

4 Robinson and Robbins, Sources, Abundance, and Fate of Gaseous Atmospheric Pollutants, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/ documents/26186570-1968-sri-report-for-api/#document/p7/a2674278

5 Victor Rothschild, “Confidential memo to John ‘Kappa’ Cornforth,” (December 5, 1966) Box 34, Archive collection of Professor James Lovelock, Science Museum Library and Archives (Science Museum London), courtesy of DeSmog, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/27885492-lord-rothschild-confidential-memo-to-methane-study-group-5121966

6 Shell Methane Study Group, “Discussion on Possible Uses of Methane” (November 1, 1966), Archive collection of Professor James Lovelock, Box 34, Science Museum Library and Archives (Science Museum London), courtesy of DeSmog, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/27693885-discussion-on-possible-uses-of-methane-shellcentre-october-25th-1966/?mode=document#document/p7/a2805087

7 Robert W. Welch et al., “Putting Gas Range Emissions in Perspective,” American Gas Association Monthly (February 1982), University of California San Francisco Industry Documents Library, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23598342-putting-gas-range-emissions-in-perspective/?m ode=document#document/p1/a2203671

8 Proceedings of the Natural Gas Association of America, Second Annual Meeting (1907) (Natural Gas Association of America, 1909) https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23991851-proceedings-natural-gas-association-of-america/#document/p209/a2674462, 209.

9 National Conference on Air Pollution Proceedings (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, December 10-12 1962), Washington D.C, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23826352-nationalconference-on-air-pollution-proceedings-december-2961/#document/p2/a2260632; National Conference on Air Pollution Proceedings, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23826352-national-conference-on-air-pollution-proceedingsdecember-2961/#document/p2/a2260631

10 Carl M. Shy et al., The Chattanooga School Children Study: Effects of Community Exposure to Nitrogen Dioxide, Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association (1970), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23606344-the-chattanooga-schoolchildren-study-effects-of-community-exposure-tonitrogen-dioxide/?mode=document#document/p2/a2249865

11 “Air Pollution Abstracts, Issues 5-8,” (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, May 1975), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23684646-airpollution-abstracts-vol-6-issues-5-8/#document/p1/a2209215

12 “Account Summary for American Gas Association,” August 1st 1970, J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511673-aga-minutes-1971-pt-1_box-4_jwt-reviewboard-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation# document/p5/a2623079

13 “Heating fuel choice shows electricity and natural gas roughly equal in newer homes,” Today In Energy, U.S. Energy Information Administration, August 24, 2012, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail. php?id=7690

14 W. Morton Jacobs, “The President’s Page,” American Gas Association Monthly, (March 1969), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23812229-agamonthly-196901#document/p3/a2255994 ; “1971 Residential Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511673-aga-minutes-1971-pt-1_box- 4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-forcopyright-information#document/p30/a2623119

15 “1971 Residential Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511674-aga-minutes-1971-pt-2_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation# document/p55/a2623248

16 “1971 Residential Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511673-aga-minutes-1971-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation# document/p21/a2822412

17 “1971 Residential Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511674-aga-minutes-1971-pt-2_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation/# document/p10/a2677559

18 “1973 Advertising Plans and Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511677-aga-minutes-1973_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation/# document/p35/a2623828

19 “1972 Residential Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511676-aga-minutes-1972-pt-2_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation/# document/p15/a2623647

20 “1972 Residential Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511676-aga-minutes-1972-pt-2_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation/# document/p40/a2623692

21 “1972 Residential Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511676-aga-minutes-1972-pt-2_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation/# document/p40/a2623690

22 “1971 Residential Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511673-aga-minutes-1971-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation# document/p38/a2623126, 38. Original emphasis.

23 “1971 Residential Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511673-aga-minutes-1971-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation# document/p38/a2623126

24 “1971 Residential Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511673-aga-minutes-1971-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation# document/p38/a2623127 Original emphasis

25 “1971 Residential Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511673-aga-minutes-1971-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation#document/p32/a2623121

26 “Report on American Gas Association account,” February 23, 1972, J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511675-aga-minutes-1972-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation/# document/p160/a2623627

27 “1971 Residential Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4,David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511673-aga-minutes-1971-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation#document/p50/a2677573

28 “Report on American Gas Association account,” February 23, 1972, J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4; David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511676-aga-minutes-1972-pt-2_box- 4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyright-information/?mode=document#document/p4/a2677574

29 “1972 Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511675-aga-minutes-1972-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation/# document/p19/a2623517

30 Jim Dwyer, ‘Remembering a City Where the Smog Could Kill,’ February 28, 2017, The New York Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/28/ nyregion/new-york-city-smog.html; John F. Kennedy, “Special Message to the Congress on Improving the Nation’s Health,” speech, February 7, 1963, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-improving-the-nations-health

31 “Energy and the Environment … A Crisis” “Natural Gas … A Solution,” American Gas Association Draft Report for the Utilities SubCouncil of the National Industrial Pollution Control Council, Walter A. Hamilton’s Subject Files, 1967-1973, Records of the Department of Commerce (RG 40), United States National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23690657197216_energy_and_the_environment_a_crisis_aga_draft_report_plus_cover_letter_to_nipcc_exec_director/#document/p1/a2216237

32 “Energy and the Environment … A Crisis” “Natural Gas … A Solution,” (1972), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23690657-197216_energy_and_the_environment_a_crisis_aga_draft_report_plus_cover_letter_to_nipcc_exec_director//mode=document#document/p29/ a2814884

33 “The Natural Gas Industry and the Environment,” (National Industrial Pollution Control Council, August 1972), accessed via Hathi Trust, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23690660-the_natural_gas_industry_and_the_environment_final_nipcc_report/#document/p7/ a2773380

34 “Minutes, Meeting of the NIPCC Utilities Sub-Council,” (National Industrial Pollution Control Council, September 28, 1970) Records of the Department of Commerce RG 40; United States National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23690658-1970928_minutes_of_nipcc_utilities_subcouncil/?mode=document#document/p4/a2215438

35 Richard W. Darrow, “How To Communicate In A Crisis,” Critical Issues in Public Relations (Hill & Knowlton, 1975), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23795870-how-to-communicate-in-acrisis/# document/p7/a2381560

36 Darrow, “How To Communicate In A Crisis,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23795870-how-to-communicate-in-acrisis/# document/p7/a2249849

37 Darrow, “How To Communicate In A Crisis,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23795870-how-to-communicate-in-acrisis/? mode=document#document/p7/a2249850

38 Darrow, “How To Communicate In A Crisis”, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23795870-how-to-communicate-in-acrisis/? mode=document#document/p7/a2249851

39 Darrow, “How To Communicate In A Crisis,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23795870-how-to-communicate-in-acrisis/# document/p2/a2249844

40 Darrow, “How To Communicate In A Crisis,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23795870-how-to-communicate-in-acrisis/? mode=document#document/p9/a2249860

41 Darrow, “How To Communicate In A Crisis,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23795870-how-to-communicate-in-acrisis/? mode=document#document/p9/a2249860

42 Darrow, “How To Communicate In A Crisis,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23795870-how-to-communicate-in-a-crisis/#document/ p2/a2249843

43 Darrow, “How To Communicate In A Crisis,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23795870-how-to-communicate-in-acrisis/# document/p10/a2677591

44 Darrow, “How To Communicate In A Crisis, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23795870-how-to-communicate-in-acrisis/? mode=document#document/p4/a2249845

45 Darrow, “How To Communicate In A Crisis,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23795870-how-to-communicate-in-a-crisis/#document/ p2/a2249843

46 Darrow, “How To Communicate In A Crisis,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23795870-how-to-communicate-in-acrisis/? mode=document#document/p3/a2351880

47 “Public Relations Workshop,” American Gas Association Monthly (June 1973), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23698585-aga-197306-gas-utility-industry-projections-to- 1990/#document/p12/a2217052

48 Darrow, “How To Communicate In A Crisis,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23795870-how-to-communicate-in-acrisis/# document/p7/a2381560

49 “A Long Range Industry Research Plan,” American Gas Association Monthly (February 1974), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23697781-aga-monthly-197402/#document/p5/a2667978

50 Rebecca John, “Burning Questions: A history of the gas industry’s campaign to manufacture controversy over the health risks of gas stove emissions,” (Climate Investigations Center, 2023), https://climateinvestigations.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Burning-Questions_Climate-Investigations-Center.pdf

51 “1972 Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511675-aga-minutes-1972-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-boardrecords-consult-library-for-copyright-information/#document/p19/ a2623517

52 “1972 Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511675-agaminutes-1972-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-forcopyright- information/?mode=document#document/p12/a2623503

53 “1972 Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511675-agaminutes-1972-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-forcopyright- information/?mode=document#document/p20/a2623522

54 “1972 Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,”https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511675-aga-minutes-1972-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-boardrecords-consult-library-for-copyright-information/#document/p12/a2623503; “Client Presentation Follow Up Report, American Gas Association account,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511675-agaminutes-1972-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-forcopyright- information#document/p163/a2623629

55 “1972 Residential Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,”https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511676-aga-minutes-1972-pt-2_box-4_jwt-review-boardrecords-consult-library-for-copyright-information/?mode=document#docu ment/p15/a2623655

56 “1971 Residential Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511674-aga-minutes-1971-pt-2_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-for-copyrightinformation# document/p20/a2623192

57 “1972 Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,”https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511675-aga-minutes-1972-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-boardrecords-consult-library-for-copyright-information#document/p62/ a2623562

58 “1972 Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,”https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511675-agaminutes-1972-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-forcopyright-information/#document/p65/a2623571

59 “1972 Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511675-aga-minutes-1972-pt-1_box-4_jwt-review-boardrecords-consult-library-for-copyright-information#document/p59/ a2623557

60 “1973 Confidential Account Summary for American Gas Association account,” Box 4, J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511677-aga-minutes-1973_box-4_jwtreview- board-records-consult-library-for-copyright-information/?mode=document#document/p7/a2623805

61 “1973 Confidential Account Summary for American Gas Association account,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511677-aga-minutes-1973_box-4_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-forcopyright- information/?mode=document#document/p7/a2623803

62 “1974 Advertising Plans & Recommendations for American Gas Association,” J. Walter Thompson Review Board Records, Box 4, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511672-agaminutes-1974_box-5_jwt-review-board-records-consult-library-forcopyright-information/#document/p17/a2623940

Section 2: A Strategic Response (1972-1981)

63 “Energy and the Environment … A Crisis, Natural Gas … A Solution,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23690657-197216_energy_and_the_environment_a_crisis_aga_draft_report_ plus_cover_letter_to_nipcc_exec_director/?mode=document#document/p26/a2677566

64 Gas Industry Research Plan 1974-2000 (American Gas Association, January 1974), University of Maryland Library, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26174903-aga-gas-industry-researchplan-1974-2000/#document/p15/a2674759

65 Gas Industry Research Plan 1974-2000, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26174903-aga-gas-industry-researchplan-1974-2000/#document/p90/a2822413

66 Gas Industry Research Plan 1974-2000, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26174903-aga-gas-industry-researchplan-1974-2000/#document/p5/a2807797

67 William M. Burnett, “Getting the Job Done,” Gas Research Institute Digest (Summer 1992), Thomas Boulevard Library, University of Pittsburgh, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24630528-grid-summer-1992/?mode=document#document/p15/a2563782

68 W.J. Bowen, “Gas Research Institute Formed By Natural Gas Industry,” American Gas Association Monthly (November 1976), (American Gas Association) Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/ documents/23728253-197611-aga-monthly/#document/p1/a2234099, 1. 69 Burnett, “Getting the Job Done,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24630528-grid-summer-1992/?mode=document#document/p14/a2563781

70 Elias Buchwald, “Gas Industry Public Relations Priorities,” American Gas Association Monthly (October 1973), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23696955-aga-monthly-197310/#document/p5/a2667764

71 Bowen, “Gas Research Institute Formed by Natural Gas Industry,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23728253-197611-aga-monthly/#document/p1/a2234098

72 “Technical Reports,” Gas Research Institute Digest (Summer 1992), Thomas Boulevard Library, University of Pittsburgh, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24630528-grid-summer-1992/?mode=document#document/p39/a2814395, 39.

73 “Technical Reports,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24630528-grid-summer-1992/?mode=document#document/p39/a2814395

74 Burnett, “Getting the Job Done,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24630528-grid-summer-1992/?mode=document#document/p14/a2563778

75 Bowen, “Gas Research Institute Formed by Natural Gas Industry,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23728253-197611-agamonthly/?mode=document#document/p2/a2667748

76 “Gas Research Institute Elects Officers and Directors,” American Gas Association Monthly (June 1977), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23728418-197706-agamonthly/?mode=document#document/p1/a2671279

77 “Gas Research Institute and its Initial Five-Year R&D Program Plan,” (Gas Research Institute, October 1976), Box 361, National Audubon Society Records, New York Public Library, Manuscripts and Archives Division, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25992083-audubonb361-igt-gri-76/#document/p38/a2677537

78 “Gas Research Institute and its Initial Five-Year R&D Program Plan,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25992083-audubonb361- igt-gri-76#document/p34/a2663514

79 Gas Industry Research Plan 1974-2000, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26174903-aga-gas-industry-researchplan- 1974-2000/#document/p11/a2814435

80 “Gas Research Institute and its Initial Five-Year R&D Program Plan,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25992083-audubonb361-igt-gri-76#document/p37/a2677534

81 James M. Evans, “Overview of Gas Research Institute Environmental Research Programs,” (Gas Research Institute, May 1991), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23592306-overview-of-gasresearch-institute-environmental-research-programs-by-j-m-evans-gasresearch-institute-chicago-illinois-1991/#document/p3/a2207156, 3; Bowen, “Gas Research Institute Formed by Natural Gas Industry,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23728253-197611-agamonthly/# document/p1/a2234097

82 Gas Industry Research Plan 1974-2000, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26174903-aga-gas-industry-researchplan-1974-2000/#document/p16/a2677536

83 Gas Industry Research Plan 1974-2000, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26174903-aga-gas-industry-researchplan-1974-2000/#document/p23/a2773432

84 Raymond A. Haik and Joanne E. Hinderaker, “The Impact of Indoor Air Quality on the Gas Industry,” Energy Law Journal Vol 5:2 (1984), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23592313-the-impact-of-indoorair-quality-on-the-gas-industry-haik-and-hinderaker-energy-law-journalvol-5-no2-1984/#document/p4/a2216865; Rebecca John, “Burning Questions: A History of the Gas Industry’s Campaign to Manufacture Controversy over the Health Risks of Gas Stove Emissions,” https://climateinvestigations.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Burning-Questions_Climate-Investigations-Center.pdf

85 “A Long-Range Program for Natural Gas Producers,” (Hill & Knowlton, July 1956), Box 103 Folder 4, John W. Hill Papers at the Wisconsin Historical Society, Division of Library, Archives and Museum Collection, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23838856-jwh-ngorc1955-56box103fldr4pt3#document/p17/a2348340

86 “Recommendation for Continuing Information Program For Natural Gas Producers,” (Hill & Knowlton, May 1955), Box 103 Folder 4, John W. Hill Papers at the Wisconsin Historical Society, Division of Library, Archives and Museum Collection, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23838853-jwh-ngorc1955-56box103fldr4pt1/?mode=docume nt#document/p20/a2348237

87 Welch et al., “Putting Gas Range Emissions in Perspective,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23598342-putting-gas-range-emissionsin-perspective/?mode=document#document/p1/a2203671, 1.

88 Welch et al., “Putting Gas Range Emissions in Perspective,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23598342-putting-gasrange-emissions-in-perspective/#document/p3/a2203691; Rebecca John, “Burning Questions: A History of the Gas Industry’s Campaign to Manufacture Controversy over the Health Risks of Gas Stove Emissions,” https://climateinvestigations.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Burning- Questions_Climate-Investigations-Center.pdf.

89 The U.S. General Accounting Office was renamed the U.S. Government Accountability Office in 2004.

90 U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO), Indoor Air Pollution: An Emerging Health Problem, CED-80-111, (September 1980), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23718784-indoor-air-pollution-anemerging-health-problem-1980-comptroller-general-report-gao/.

91 Arthur D. Little, Inc., “Potential Health Effects of Residential Energy Conservation Measures,” (Gas Research Institute, September 1981), Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre, https://www.documentcloud.org/ documents/23592304-airbase_1012/; Brissenden, McFarland, Wagoner, & Fuccella, Inc., “Confidential Executive Summary on H. Daniel Roth, Candidate for the Position of Executive Director The Center for Indoor Air Research,” (September 1987), University of California San Francisco Library Industry Documents Library, https://www.documentcloud.org/ documents/23685784-confidential-exec-summary-h-daniel-rothexecutive- director-center-for-indoor-air-resesarch/#document/p7/ a2210110

92 Donald O. Johnson and F. Richard Kurzynske, “Indoor Air Quality,” Gas Research Institute Digest Vol.5 (1982), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23593674-gri-indoor-air-quality-1982/#document/p4/ a2201888, 4.

93 Welch et al., “Putting Gas Range Emissions in Perspective,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23598342-putting-gas-rangeemissions-in-perspective/#document/p3/a2203690

94 Bowen, “Gas Research Institute Formed By Natural Gas Industry,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/23728253-197611-agamonthly/#document/p2/a2667748

95 Man’s Impact on the Environment: Assessment and Recommendations for Action (The MIT Press, 1970), Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/mansimpactonglob0000stud/page/n13/mode/2up

96 Environmental Conservation: The Oil and Gas Industries, Volume 2 (National Petroleum Council, February 1972), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23565538-1972-npc-environmental_conservation-oil_ and_gas_industries-vol_ii/#document/p405/a2788314, 405

97 Environmental Conservation: The Oil and Gas Industries, Volume 1 (National Petroleum Council, June 1971), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26788830-1971-environmental-conservation-oil-and-gasindustries-vol-i/#document/p6/a2788340

98 Environmental Conservation, Volume 1, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26788830-1971-environmental-conservation-oil-and-gasindustries-vol-i/#document/p95/a2788288

99 Environmental Conservation, Volume 2, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23565538-1972-npc-environmental_conservation-oil_ and_gas_industries-vol_ii/?mode=document#document/p34/a2788299; Carroll Muffett and Steven Feit, “Smoke and Fumes: The Legal and Evidentiary Basis for Holding Big Oil Accountable for the Climate Crisis” (Center for International Environmental Law, November 2017), https://www.ciel.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Smoke-Fumes-FINAL.pdf.

100 Environmental Conservation, Volume 2, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23565538-1972-npc-environmental_conservation-oil_and_ gas_industries-vol_ii/?mode=document#document/p34/a2788297

101 Environmental Conservation, Volume 2, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23565538-1972-npc-environmental_conservation-oil_and_ gas_industries-vol_ii/#document/p33/a2788333

102 Environmental Conservation, Volume 2, https://www.documentcloud.org/ documents/23565538-1972-npc-environmental_conservation-oil_and_ gas_industries-vol_ii/?mode=document#document/p35/a2788335, 35.

103 During the 1960s, work sponsored by the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (AFCRL) helped define the heat-trapping behaviour of atmospheric gases (including methane), providing essential data for scientific understanding of climate change. Darrell E. Burch and Dudley Williams, “Total Absorptance of Carbon Monoxide and Methane in the Infrared,” Journal of Applied Optics (September 1, 1962), https://opg.optica.org/ao/abstract.cfm?uri=ao-1-5-587; Darrell E. Burch et al., “Infared Absorption by Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Minor Atmospheric Constituents” (Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, June 1, 1962), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26159463-burch-et-al-infrared-absorption-by-carbon-dioxide-water-vapor-andminor-atmospheric-constituents-1962/#document/p18/a2795352, 18.

104 Email correspondence with author (Summer 2025).

105 W. C. Wang et al., “Greenhouse Effects due to Man-Made Perturbations of Trace Gases: Anthropogenic gases may alter our climate by plugging an atmospheric window for escaping thermal radiation,” Science 194 (November 12, 1976), British Library, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25458753-wang-et-al-greenhouse-effects-due-to-manmade-perurbations-of-trace-gases-1976/#document/p4/a2798213

106 Wang et al., “Greenhouse Effects due to Man-Made Perturbations of Trace Gases,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25458753-wang-et-al-greenhouse-effects-due-to-man-made-perurbations-of-tracegases-1976/#document/p4/a2618285

107 Wang et al., “Greenhouse Effects due to Man-Made Perturbations of Trace Gases,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25458753-wang-et-al-greenhouse-effects-due-to-man-made-perurbations-of-tracegases-1976/?mode=document#document/p5/a2618295

108 “CO2 Greenhouse Effect: A Technical Review” (Exxon Research and Engineering, April 1, 1982), Climate Files, courtesy of Inside Climate News https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2805576-1982-Exxon-Memo-to-Management-About-CO2/?mode=document#document/p46/a2662625; Alan Oppenheim and William L. Donn, “Climate Models and CO2 Warming: A Selective Review and Summary” (Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory/ American Petroleum Institute, March 1982), Climate Files, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2805626-1982-API-Climate-Modelsand- CO2-Warming-a/#document/p10/a2814251, 10.

109 R. A. Rasmussen and M. A. K. Khalil, “Increase in the Concentration of Atmospheric Methane,” Atmospheric Environment 15 (1981), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26158386-increase-in-theconcentration-of-atmospheric-methane-ra-rasmussen-ma-khalil-1981-atmospheric-environment/?mode=document#document/p1/a2672471

110 Senior executives from Phillips Petroleum (ConocoPhillips) and the chemical divisions of Amoco (BP), Chevron, Conoco (ConocoPhillips), Exxon (ExxonMobil), Gulf Oil (Chevron), Mobil (ExxonMobil), and Shell were Board or Executive Committee members of the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA), which had part-funded Rasmussen & Khalil’s research. Standard Oil of Indiana (BP), ExxonMobil, and Texaco (Chevron) were also members of CMA. “Chemical Manufacturers Association 1980-81 Directory,” Toxic Docs, Columbia University and the City University of New York, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26158411-cma-directory-1980-1981/?mode=document#document/p7/a2774142; Meeting Minutes of the Chemical Manufacturers Association Executive Committee (January 1991), Toxic Docs, Columbia University and the City University of New York, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25970971-cma-execcomm-meeting-jan-14-1991/?mode=document; Meeting Minutes of the Chemical Manufacturers Association Executive Committee (September 1979), Toxic Docs, Columbia University and the City University of New York, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26158426-cma-execcommittee-meeting-september-1979/?mode=document#document/p83/a2672485

111 Rasmussen and Khalil, “Increase in the Concentration of Atmospheric Methane,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26158386-increase-in-the-concentration-of-atmospheric-methane-ra-rasmussen-makhalil-1981-atmospheric-environment/#document/p2/a2672473

112 Rasmussen and Khalil, “Increase in the Concentration of Atmospheric Methane,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26158386-increase-in-the-concentration-of-atmospheric-methane-ra-rasmussenma- khalil-1981-atmospheric-environment/, 3.

113 Wang et al., “Greenhouse Effects due to Man-Made Perturbations of Trace Gases,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25458753- wang-et-al-greenhouse-effects-due-to-man-made-perurbations-of-tracegases- 1976/?mode=document#document/p5/a2618301, 5.

114 J. Hansen et al., “Climate Impact of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide,” Science 213 (August 28, 1981), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26159451-hansen-et-al-1981-climate-impactof-increasing-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-science-213-957- 66/?mode=document#document/p5/a2672702, 5.

115 “CO2 Greenhouse Effect: A Technical Review,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2805576-1982-Exxon-Memo-to- Management-About-CO2/#document/p40/a2672696.

116 A. Lacis, et al. “The Greenhouse Effect of Trace Gases,” Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 8, No. 10, (October 1981), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26106288-lacis-et-al-the-greenhouseeffect-of-trace-gases-1981/#document/p1/a2672061

117 Oppenheim and Donn, “Climate Models and CO2 Warming,” Climate Files, courtesy of Inside Climate News, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2805626-1982-API-Climate-Models-and-CO2-Warminga/? mode=document#document/p10/a2814251

118 Donald M. Gammell, John H. Williams, and Sheldon Krueger, “Flared Gas Conservation” (Robert Brown Associates/Gas Research Institute, July 1979), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25906228-flared-gasconservation-gri-july-1979/?mode=document#document/p3/a2655695

119 Gammell, Williams, and Krueger, “Flared Gas Conservation,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25906228-flared-gas-conservation-grijuly-1979/?mode=document#document/p10/a2655709

120 Gammell, Williams, and Krueger, “Flared Gas Conservation,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25906228-flared-gas-conservation-grijuly-1979/?mode=document#document/p43/a2655714

121 Gammell, Williams, and Krueger, “Flared Gas Conservation,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25906228-flared-gas-conservation-grijuly-1979/#document/p19/a2672865

122 “GRI 1981-1985 Five Year Research & Development Plan,” Box 96, Louis H. Roddis Papers 1823-1990, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511474-gri-1981-1985-5yr-plan-and-1981-rd-program-part-1-box-96-roddis-papers/?mode=document#document/p16/a2623146

123 “GRI 1981-1985 Five Year Research & Development Plan,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511474-gri-1981- 1985-5yr-plan-and-1981-rd-program-part-1-box-96-roddispapers/?mode=document#document/p13/a2822416t

124 “GRI 1981-1985 Five Year Research & Development Plan,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511474-gri-1981- 1985-5yr-plan-and-1981-rd-program-part-1-box-96-roddispapers/?mode=document#document/p13/a2623064, 13. A natural gas industry advertisement in 1978. (American Gas Association Monthly)

125 “GRI 1981-1985 Five Year Research & Development Plan,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511474-gri-1981- 1985-5yr-plan-and-1981-rd-program-part-1-box-96-roddispapers/?mode=document#document/p8/a2623057

126 “GRI 1981-1985 Five Year Research & Development Plan,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511474-gri-1981- 1985-5yr-plan-and-1981-rd-program-part-1-box-96-roddispapers/?mode=document#document/p9/a2623058, 9.

Section 3: The Gas Industry Finds Allies (1980-1989)

127 “Sharpening the Competitive Edge,” American Gas Association Monthly (November-December 1985), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044073-aga-monthly-novemberdecember-1985/#document/p10/a2674978

128 “Sharpening the Competitive Edge,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044073-aga-monthly-novemberdecember-1985/#document/p10/a2822417

129 Powerplant and Industrial Fuel Use Act of 1978, Pub. L. No. 95-620, 92 Stat. 3289 (1978), https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-92/STATUTE-92-Pg3289.

130 Robert D. Hershey Jr, “Energy Depart. Acts to Reduce Fuel-Use Rules,” New York Times, June 10, 1981, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1981/06/10/151982.html?pageNumber=99.

131 “Select Use of Gas Is Pollution Solution,” American Gas Association Monthly (September 1985), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044071-aga-monthly-september-1985/#document/p1/a2677876

132 “Meeting Future Electric Power Needs With Natural Gas,” (Gas Research Institute/Hagler Bailly Company, May 1983), Misc Box 15, Louis H. Roddis Papers 1823-1990, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511473-misc-box-15-roddis-papers#document/p54/a2622424

133 “Meeting Future Electric Power Needs With Natural Gas,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511473-misc-box-15-roddispapers#document/p57/a2815204

134 “Gas Advantages Shown To D.C. Journalists,” American Gas (August 1989), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/ documents/26044257-aga-monthly-august-1989/#document/p28/a2813505

135 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Methane Emissions and Opportunities for Control: Workshop Results of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, EPA/400/9-90/007 (September 1990), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25912948-methaneemissions-and-opportunities-for-control-epa-workshop-december-1989/#document/p93/a2661307

136 NOAA Global Monitoring Lab, “GGGRN Data – CH4,” U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Global Monitoring Laboratory, https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/data/getdata.php?gas=ch4.

137 National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, “Changing Climate: Report of the Carbon Dioxide Assessment Committee,” (Washington, DC, The National Academies Press, 1983), https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/18714/chapter/3?term=sustained#74

138 J. F. Coates, Inc., “Carbon Dioxide: Potential Emerging Global Hazard,” (Edison Electric Institute, January 1984), http://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/24426934-1984-carbon-dioxidepotential-emerging-global.

139 Jennifer Jarrett and Joseph F. Coates, “The Greenhouse Effect: Its Implications for Industrial and Government Policy,” (Air Pollution Control Association, June 1985) https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3884157-1985-Air-Pollution-Control-Associationsession/#document/p24

140 Jennifer Jarrett and Joseph F. Coates, “The Greenhouse Effect: Its Implications for Industrial and Government Policy,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/3884157-1985-Air-Pollution-Control-Association-session/?mode=document#document/p26

141 V. Ramanathan, RJ Cicerone et al., “Trace Gas Trends and Their Potential Role in Climate Change,” Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 90 (National Center for Atmospheric Research, June 1985), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26101063-ramanathan-et-al-tracegas-trends-and-their-potential-role-in-climate-change1985/#document/p7/a2671999

142 V. Ramanathan, RJ Cicerone et al., “Trace Gas Trends and Their Potential Role in Climate Change,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26101063-ramanathan-et-al-trace-gas-trends-and-theirpotential-role-in-climate-change-1985/?mode=document#document/p17/a2672058

143 V. Ramanathan, RJ Cicerone et al., “Trace Gas Trends and Their Potential Role in Climate Change,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26101063-ramanathan-et-al-trace-gas-trends-and-theirpotential- role-in-climate-change-1985/#document/p7/a2671999

144 James Gleick, “Rare Gases May Speed The Warming of the Earth,” New York Times (April 30, 1985) https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1985/04/30/203821.html?pageNumber=52.

145 U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO), Pipeline Safety: Information on Gas Distribution System Operators Reporting Unaccounted for Gas, RCED-86-87BR, (February 1986), https://www.gao.gov/assets/rced-86-87br.pdf

146 Mark Memmot, “Sharp supports clamps on gas lost in pipelines,” Palladium-Item (March 19, 1986), Newspapers.com, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26174572-palladiumitem-1986-03-19-5/.

147 Cynthia Peichowiak, “Equitable chief responds to critics,” The Pittsburgh Press (September 2, 1986), Newspapers.com, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26174574-the-pittsburgh-press-1986-09-02-page-32/.

148 See, e.g.: “Rake Hike Requested To Offset Investments,” Sequoyah County Times (April 18, 1982), Newspapers.com, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26174585-sequoyah-county-times-1982-04-18-2/?mode=document; Dan Biers, “Times too tough for gas rate hike dozens tell PSC,” Evansville Courier and Press (November 11, 1982), Newspapers.com, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26174588-evansville-courier-and-press-1982-11-11- 13/?mod=document#document/p1/a2673004; “Legals: Public Notice Of Proposed Change In Schedule,” Herald and Review (June 24, 1985), Newspapers.com https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26174579-herald-and-review-1985-06-24-page-17-2/?mode=document; “MichCon customers refund gets state’s Ok,” The Ann Arbor News (June 27, 1986), Newspapers.com, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26174573-the-ann-arbor-news-1986-06- 27-30/?mode=document,

149 “Journal of Proceedings Board of Supervisors,” The Recorder (March 28, 1912), Newspapers.com, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26335832-the-recorder-1912-03-28-7/?mode=document#document/p1/a2774448.

150 James Burke, “Disaster Can Seep From Under Streets,” Richmond Times Dispatch (August 11, 1940), Newspapers.com, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26335843-richmond-times-dispatch-1940-08-11-51/#document/p1/a2774447.

151 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Pipeline Safety–Part 2, 99th Cong., 2d sess., (March 1986), https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31210016341156.

152 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Pipeline Safety–Part 2, (March 1986), https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31210016341156,131-139.

153 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Pipeline Safety–Part 2, (March 1986), https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31210016341156, 136.

154 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Pipeline Safety–Part 2, (March 1986), https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31210016341156, 131, 133.

155 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Pipeline Safety–Part 2, (March 1986), https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31210016341156,139.

156 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Pipeline Safety–Part 2, (March 1986), https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31210016341156, 224.

157 U.S. Congress, House, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Pipeline Safety–Part 2, (March 1986), https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.31210016341156, 240.

158 U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO), Pipeline Safety: Information on Gas Distribution System Operators Reporting Unaccounted for Gas, February 1986, https://www.gao.gov/assets/rced-86-87br.pdf, 13. Also accessible at https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25259132-pipeline-safety-gao-report-february-1986/#document/p13/a2663920, 13.

159 U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO), Pipeline Safety: Information on Gas Distribution System Operators Reporting Unaccounted for Gas, https://www.gao.gov/assets/rced-86-87br.pdf, 13, Also accessible at https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25259132-pipeline-safetygao-report-february-1986/#document/p13/a2663920, 13.

160 U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO), Pipeline Safety: Information on Gas Distribution System Operators Reporting Unaccounted for Gas, https://www.gao.gov/assets/rced-86-87br.pdf, 17. Also accessible at https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25259132-pipeline-safetygao-report-february-1986/#document/p16/a2814629, 16.

161 “Actual Amount of Lost Gas Is Small,” American Gas Association Monthly (March 1987), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044136-aga-monthly-march-1987/#document/p8/a2675427, 8.

162 “Actual Amount of Lost Gas Is Small,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044136-aga-monthly-march-1987/#document/p8/a2674806, 8.

163 “Ozone and Carbon Monoxide: The Role Of Natural Gas In Attaining Clean Air Act Compliance,” (American Gas Association, April 8, 1987), Sierra Club National Legislative Records (1960-), Container 161, Folder 38, Bancroft Library, University of California Berkeley https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378115-american-gasassociation- 1988-bancroft-library-sierra-club-records-carton-161_folder- 38/#document/p94/a2614642, 94; A.G.A. Board Approves Position Statement On Acid Rain Legislation,” (American Gas Association, December 12, 1988), Sierra Club National Legislative Records (1960-), Container 162, Folder 9, Bancroft Library, University of California Berkeley, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378113-american-gas-association-bancroft-library-sierra-club-recordscarton- 162_folder-9/#document/p1/a2614847, 1.

164 “A.G.A. Board Approves Position Statement On Acid Rain Legislation,” (American Gas Association, December 12, 1988), Sierra Club National Legislative Records (1960-), Container 162, Folder 9, Bancroft Library, University of California Berkeley, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378113-american-gas-association-bancroft-library-sierraclub-records-carton-162_folder-9/?mode=document#document/p7/a2614852, 7.

165 Benjamin Andrew Franta, “Big Carbon’s Strategic Response To Global Warming, 1950-2020,” (PhD dissertation, Stanford University, 2022) https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:hq437ph9153/Franta%20-%20Big%20Carbon%20strategic%20response%20to%20global%20warming%201950-2020%20-%202022-08-25-augmented.pdf

166 “Natural Gas and Climate Change: The Greenhouse Effect,” (American Gas Association, June 14, 1989), The World Bank Group Archives, Records of the Energy Sector, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25506336-worldbankgrouparchivesfolder1262989/#document/p134/a2675348, 134.

167 “1981-1985 Five-Year Research & Development Plan and 1981 Research & Development Program” (Gas Research Institute, 1980), Box 96, Louis H. Roddis Papers, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511474-gri-1981-1985-5yr-plan-and-1981-rd-program-part-1-box-96-roddispapers/?mode=document#document/p88/a2623370, 88, 90.

168 “1981-1985 Five-Year Research & Development Plan,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511474-gri-1981- 1985-5yr-plan-and-1981-rd-program-part-1-box-96-roddispapers/?mode=document#document/p88/a2623361, 88.

169 “1981-1985 Five-Year Research & Development Plan,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511474-gri-1981-1985-5yr-plan-and-1981-rd-program-part-1-box-96-roddis-papers#document/p88/a2623362, 88.

170 “1981-1985 Five-Year Research & Development Plan,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511474-gri-1981- 1985-5yr-plan-and-1981-rd-program-part-1-box-96-roddispapers/?mode=document#document/p46/a2623293, 46.

171 “1981-1985 Five-Year Research & Development Plan,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511474-gri-1981- 1985-5yr-plan-and-1981-rd-program-part-1-box-96-roddispapers/?mode=document#document/p90/a2623375, 90.

172 “1981-1985 Five-Year Research & Development Plan,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511474-gri-1981-1985-5yr-plan-and-1981-rd-program-part-1-box-96-roddispapers/?mode=document#document/p90/a2623375, 90.

173 John R. Trabalka and David E. Reichle, preface to The Changing Carbon Cycle: A Global Analysis, ed. J. R. Trabalka and D. E. Reichle (Springer-Verlag, 1986), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25998834-changing-carbon-cycle-1/#document/p5/a2664840, 5.

174 Preparing For Climate Change, Proceedings of the First North American Conference on Preparing for Climate Change: A Cooperative Approach, October 27-29, 1987” (Government Institutes, Inc., 1988) https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24529929-preparing-for-climatechange-proceedings-of-the-first-north-american-conference-onpreparing-for-climate-change-1987/?mode=document, 1.

175 Brochure for the “First North American Conference on Preparing for Climate Change: A Cooperative Approach” (The Climate Institute, 1987), Stephen H. Schneider Papers, Box 84, Folder 7, Stanford University Archives Special Collections, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/27890748-sc1053-b84-f7-climate-changeconference/#document/p9/a2807966, 9.

176 John R. Trabalka et al., “Atmospheric CO2 Projections with Globally Averaged Carbon Cycle Models,” in The Changing Carbon Cycle: A Global Analysis, ed. J. R. Trabalka and D. E. Reichle (Springer-Verlag, 1986) https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25998834-changingcarbon-cycle-1/#document/p19/a2664846, 19.

177 Trabalka et al., “Atmospheric CO2 Projections,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25998834-changing-carbon-cycle-1/#document/p19/a2664847, 19.

178 Alfred M. Perry, “Possible Changes in Future Use of Fossil Fuels to Limit Environmental Effects,” in The Changing Carbon Cycle: A Global Analysis, ed. J. R. Trabalka and D. E. Reichle (Springer-Verlag, 1986), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25998834-changing-carbon-cycle-1/#document/p33/a2664852, 32-33.

179 Perry, “Possible Changes in Future Use of Fossil Fuels,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25998834-changing-carbon-cycle-1/#document/p33/a2664853, 33.

180 Perry, “Possible Changes in Future Use of Fossil Fuels,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25998834-changing-carbon-cycle-1/#document/p35/a2664854, 35.

181 Alan Hecht, “Planning for Climate Change,” in Preparing For Climate Change, Proceedings of the First North American Conference on Preparing for Climate Change: A Cooperative Approach, October 27-29, 1987 (Government Institutes, Inc., 1988), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24529929-preparing-for-climate-change-proceedingsof-the-first-north-american-conference-on-preparing-for-climate-change-1987/?mode=document#document/p12/a2673122, 12.

182 Hecht, “Planning for Climate Change,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24529929-preparing-for-climate-change-proceedings-ofthe-first-north-american-conference-on-preparing-for-climate-change-1987/?mode=document#document/p12/a2673120, 12.

183 Stephen H. Schneider, “The Greenhouse Effect: What We Can or Should Do About It,” in Preparing For Climate Change, Proceedings of the First North American Conference on Preparing for Climate Change: A Cooperative Approach, October 27-29, 1987 (Government Institutes, Inc., 1988), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24529929-preparingfor-climate-change-proceedings-of-the-first-north-american-conferenceon-preparing-for-climate-change-1987/?mode=document#document/ p36/a2673127, 36.

184 J. Hansen et al., “Prediction of Near-Term Climate Evolution: What Can We Tell Decision-Makers Now?” in Preparing For Climate Change, Proceedings of the First North American Conference on Preparing for Climate Change: A Cooperative Approach, October 27-29, 1987 (Government Institutes, Inc. 1988), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24529929-preparing-for-climate-change-proceedings-ofthe-first-north-american-conference-on-preparing-for-climate-change-1987/?mode=document#document/p66/a2673138, 66.

185 Irving Mintzer, “Energy Policy And The Greenhouse Problem: A Challenge to Sustainable Development,” in Preparing For Climate Change, Proceedings of the First North American Conference on Preparing for Climate Change: A Cooperative Approach, October 27-29, 1987, (Government Institutes, Inc., 1988) https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24529929-preparing-for-climate-change-proceedings-ofthe-first-north-american-conference-on-preparing-for-climate-change-1987/?mode=document#document/p247/a2663878, 247.

186 “Climate Conference Co-Sponsored by A.G.A,” American Gas Association Monthly (January 1988), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044161-aga-monthly-january-1988/?mode=document#document/p13/a2673152, 13.

187 Mintzer, “Energy Policy And The Greenhouse Problem,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24529929-preparing-for-climatechange-proceedings-of-the-first-north-american-conference-onpreparing-for-climate-change-1987/?mode=document#document/p238/a2673228, 238.

188 Mintzer, “Energy Policy And The Greenhouse Problem,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24529929-preparing-for-climatechange-proceedings-of-the-first-north-american-conference-onpreparing-for-climate-change-1987/#document/p254/a2630599, 254.

189 The conference was attended by representatives from BP, Mobil, Shell, Brooklyn Gas, Brooklyn Union Gas, EPRI and EEI, among others. “Strategic Planning Seminar On The Long-Term Implications of Climatic Change” (World Resources Institute/National Climate Program Office), Peter S. Thacher Papers Part 1, Box 107, Environmental Science and Public Policy Archives, Harvard College https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25992456-world-resources-institute-policy-responsesto- greenhouse-problem-box-107-folder-1027-peter-s-thacher-papersharvard/?mode=document#document/p29/a2665198, 29-38.

190 Irving Mintzer, “Energy Policy and Global Climate Change,” presented at Strategic Planning Seminar On The Long-Term Implications of Climatic Change (January 5, 1988), Peter S. Thacher Papers Part 1, Box 107, Environmental Science and Public Policy Archives, Harvard, College https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25992456-world-resources-institute-policy-responses-to-greenhouse-problembox-107-folder-1027-peter-s-thacher-papers-harvard/?mode=document# document/p77/a2665193

191 Irving M. Mintzer, “Energy, Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change,” Annual Review of Energy 15 (1990), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25901104-energy-greenhouse-gases-and-climatechange-irving-m-mintzer-1990/#document/p5/a2632109, 5.

192 Climate Change: The IPCC 1990 and 1992 Assessments (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, June 1992), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25877555-ipcc-90-92-assessments-farfull-report/#document/p83/a2664043, 24, 83.

193 Mintzer, “Energy, Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25901104-energy-greenhousegases-and-climate-change-irving-m-mintzer-1990/#document/p3/a2632107 3.

194 George H. Lawrence, “A Pollution Solution,” American Gas Association Monthly (April 1986), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044084-aga-monthly-april-1986/?mode=document#document/p2/a2671593 2.

195 Lawrence, “A Pollution Solution,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044084-aga-monthly-april-1986/#document/p2/a2671584, 2.

196 Lawrence, “A Pollution Solution,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044084-aga-monthly-april-1986/#document/p2/a2671593, 2.

197 See e.g., “Natural Gas: The Environmental Protection Energy,” advertisement, The Observer (October 2, 1986), Newspapers. com, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26311758-the-observer-1986-10-02-6/; “Natural Gas Can Help Meet America’s Environmental Challenges,” The Times Herald (April 17, 1990), Newspapers.com, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26311760-the-times-herald-1990-04-17-25/?mode=document; “Environmental Impact of Energy Sources Not Always Apparent: Natural Gas Fueling Major Portion of US Energy Needs,” Statesville Record and Landmark (April 21, 1991), Newspapers. com, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26311761-statesvillerecord-and-landmark-1991-04-21-48/?mode=document,

198 “American Gas Association 1987 Report to Members” (American Gas Association, 1987), Louis H. Roddis papers, 1823-1990, Box 103, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511667-aga-1987-report-tomembers-box-103-roddis-papers/?mode=document#document/p13/a2822483, 13.

199 “Houston Bankers Updated on Natural Gas Industry,” American Gas Association Monthly (April 1987), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044137-aga-monthly-april-1987/#document/p7/a2773531, 7.

200 Henry R. Linden, “The Outlook for Gas to the Year 2000,” Oil & Gas Journal (January 9, 1984), Louis H. Roddis papers, 1823-1990, Box 15, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511473-misc-box-15-roddis-papers/?mode=document#document/p27/a2622404, 27.

201 Texas Land Office’s Garry Mauro later wrote in his memoir that AGA’s partnership with the Sierra Club was the result of “months of courtship … often resembling a ritualistic mating dance.” Garry Mauro, Beaches, Bureaucrats and Big Oil: One Man’s Fight for Texas (Look Away Books, 1997), Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/beachesbureaucra00garr/page/130/mode/2up?q=courtship

202 “Environmentalists, Industry Discuss Energy Concerns,” American Gas Association Monthly (May 1985), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044069-aga-monthly-may-1985/?mode=document#document/p2/a2673996

203 “Environmentalists, Industry Discuss Energy Concerns,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044069-aga-monthly-may-1985/?mode=document#document/p2/a2674000

204 Michael Baly III, “The Blue Flame Knows How To Think Green,” American Gas (June 1993), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047852-aga-monthly-june-1993#document/p2/a2809932

205 “NATURE Series To Begin Fourth Series On PBS,” American Gas Association Monthly (October 1985), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044074-aga-monthly-october-1985/?mode=document#document/p1/a2773387

206 “American Gas Association 1987 Report to Members,” https://wwwdocumentcloud.org/documents/25511667-aga-1987-report-tomembers-box-103-roddis-papers/?mode=document#document/p12/a2622954

207 “Climate Conference Co-Sponsored by A.G.A,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044161-aga-monthly-january- 1988/?mode=document#document/p13/a2822484

208 “American Gas Association 1987 Report to Members,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511667-aga-1987-report-tomembers-box-103-roddis-papers/#document/p4/a2674467

209 “American Gas Association 1987 Report to Members,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511667-aga-1987-report-tomembers-box-103-roddis-papers/#document/p6/a2622829

210 “American Gas Association 1987 Report to Members,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511667-aga-1987-report-tomembers-box-103-roddis-papers/#document/p4/a2822488, 4. Original emphasis.

211 “American Gas Association 1987 Report to Members,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511667-aga-1987-report-to-membersbox-103-roddis-papers/#document/p13/a2622892, 13.

212 Robert D. Hershey Jr, “Natural Gas: An Industry Bubbles Up After Deregulation,” New York Times (September 13, 1987), https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1987/09/13/857887.html?pageNumber=237.

213 “American Gas Association 1987 Report to Members,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511667-aga-1987-report-to-membersbox-103-roddis-papers/?mode=document#document/p13/a2622892, 13.

214 “American Gas Association 1987 Report to Members,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511667-aga-1987-report-to-membersbox-103-roddis-papers/?mode=document#document/p13/a2622894, 13-14.

215 “American Gas Association 1987 Report to Members,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511667-aga-1987-report-to-membersbox-103-roddis-papers/?mode=document#document/p13/a2622894, 13-14.

216 “American Gas Association 1987 Report to Members,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511667-aga-1987-report-to-membersbox-103-roddis-papers/?mode=document#document/p14/a2622957, 14.

217 “Chairman, President Address Major Gas Industry Issues,” American Gas Association Monthly (November/December 1988), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044232-agamonthly-novemberdecember-1988/#document/p6/a2815279, 6.

218 “Electricity Generation Sees Gas In Its Future,” American Gas (February 1989), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044243-aga-monthly-february-1989/#document/p36/a2677710, 36.

219 Two Energy Futures: A National Choice for the 80s (American Petroleum Institute, 1980), University of Wyoming, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/21094515-1980-api-two-energy-futures-a-national-choicefor-the-80s/, 10.

220 “The Majors Shift to Natural Gas” (U.S. Energy Information Administration, September 2001), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26514676-majors-shift-to-natural-gaseia/?mode=document#document/p5/a2786331 5.

221 “Unusual Alliance Promotes More Gas Use for Clean Air,” American Gas Association Monthly (July 1988), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044219-aga-monthly-july-1988/#document/p6/a2773819, 6.

222 “Natural Gas In A New Market Environment” (Center for Public Policy, May 1989), Sierra Club National Legislative Records (1960-), Container 162, Folder 9, Bancroft Library, University of California Berkeley, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gasnatural-1989-bancroft-library-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder- 8/#document/p103/a2614689, 103.

223 American Petroleum Institute, “The American Petroleum Institute (API) Position on Global Climate Change,” (July 1989), courtesy of Nathaniel Rich, author of Losing Earth, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/28110478-ipieca-briefing-documentation-on-potentialenhanced-greenhouse-effect-february-1990#document/p5/a2815456, 5.

224 “Electricity Generation Sees Gas In Its Future,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044243-aga-monthly-february- 1989/?mode=document#document/p36/a2677705, 36.

225 “American Gas Association 1987 Report to Members,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511667-aga-1987-report-tomembers-box-103-roddis-papers/#document/p5/a2622730, 5.

226 Fuel switching was discussed by representatives from Exxon, Mobil, Shell, Texaco, BP, API, and others at a 1988 meeting of the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association (IPIECA). IPIECA, “IPIECA Briefing Documentation on Potential Enhanced Greenhouse Effect” (February 1990), courtesy of Nathaniel Rich, author of Losing Earth, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/ documents/28110478-ipieca-briefing-documentation-on-potentialenhanced-greenhouse-effect-february-1990#document/p3/a2815460, 3.

227 “Gas Research Institute Annual Report 1988: Benefits, Balance, Broad Industry Cooperation” (Gas Research Institute), Louis H. Roddis papers, 1823-1990, Box 96, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Duke University, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511664-gri-1988-annual-report-box-96-roddispapers# document/p4/a2622435, 4 ; “Gas Industry Member Company Index 1985-1988” (Gas Research Industry Digest Index, 1989), Thomas Boulevard Library, University of Pittsburgh, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24626994-grid-member-companies-index-1985-1989/.

228 “GRI Adds Producers To its Membership” (American Gas, May 1989), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044207-aga-monthly-may-1988/?mode=document#document/p24/a2671605, 24; “Gas Industry Member Company Index, ”https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24626994-grid-member-companies-index-1985-1989/.

229 “Gas Research Institute Annual Report 1988,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511664-gri-1988-annual-reportbox-96-roddis-papers/?mode=document#document/p4/a2622442, 4-5, Original emphasis.

230 “Gas Research Institute Annual Report 1988,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511664-gri-1988-annual-reportbox-96-roddis-papers/?mode=document#document/p5/a2622448, 5, Original emphasis.

231 “Spokesmen See Future Of Aggressive Marketing,” American Gas (February 1989), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044243-aga-monthly-february-1989/#document/p37

232 “Spokesmen See Future Of Aggressive Marketing,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044243-aga-monthly-february-1989/?mode=document#document/p37/a2815287

233 “GRID Interviews Robert C. Thomas,” Gas Research Institute Digest (Summer 1990), Thomas Boulevard Library, University of Pittsburgh, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24630522-grid-summer- 1990/mode=document#document/p6/a2563448, 6.

234 “Gas Research Institute Annual Report 1988,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511664-gri-1988-annual-report-box-96-roddis-papers#document/p33/a2822489, 33.

235 “Gas Research Institute Annual Report 1988,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511664-gri-1988-annual-report-box-96-roddis-papers#document/p33/a2622543, 33.

236 “Gas Research Institute Annual Report 1988,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511664-gri-1988-annual-report-box-96-roddis-papers#document/p33/a2622543, 33.

237 “American Gas Association 1987 Report to Members,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25511667-aga-1987-report-tomembers-box-103-roddis-papers/#document/p4/a2622728, 4.

238 “Natural Gas In A New Market Environment,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gas-natural-1989-bancroftlibrary-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p98/a2614681, 98.

239 “Natural Gas In A New Market Environment,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gas-natural-1989-bancroftlibrary-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p100/a2614685, 100.

240 “Natural Gas In A New Market Environment,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gas-natural-1989-bancroftlibrary-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p99/a2614682, 99.

241 “Natural Gas In A New Market Environment,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gas-natural-1989-bancroftlibrary-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p103/a2614689 103.

242 “Natural Gas In A New Market Environment,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gas-natural-1989-bancroftlibrary-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p103/a2677793, 101, 103.

243 “Natural Gas In A New Market Environment,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gas-natural-1989-bancroftlibrary-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p109/a2614700, 109.

244 “Natural Gas In A New Market Environment,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gas-natural-1989-bancroftlibrary-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p109/a2614698, 109.

245 “Natural Gas In A New Market Environment,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gas-natural-1989-bancroftlibrary-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p118/a2614707, 118.

246 “Natural gas poised for revival, Enron chief says,” Houston Chronicle (November 30, 1988); Sierra Club National Legislative Records (1960-), Container 161, Bancroft Library, University of California Berkeley, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378116-gas-natural-1988-bancroft-library-sierra-club-records-carton-161_folder-37/#document/ p13/a2663035, 13.

247 “NGSA, AGA, INGAA urge keeping OCS (Outer Continental Shelf) Open,” FYI: The newsletter of the Natural Gas Supply Association (1989), Stephen H. Schneider Papers, Box 87, Folder 38, Stanford University Archives Special Collections, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/27890750-sc1053-b87-f38-natural-gas-supply-associationmeeting- 1990/#document/p13/a2807970, 13.

248 “Studies Suggest Methane Is Not a Major Greenhouse Gas,” The Natural Resource 3 (American Gas Association, Winter 1990), Sierra Club National Legislative Records (1960-), Container 162, Bancroft Library, University of California Berkeley, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gas-natural-1989-bancroft-library-sierra-clubrecords-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p123/a2614721, 123.

249 Stephen H. Schneider, “The Greenhouse Effect: State Of The Science,” presented at the International Gas Research Conference (1989); Stephen H. Schneider Papers, Box 86, Stanford University Archives Special Collections, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25419271-stephen-h-schneider-speech-intntl-gas-researchconference- japan-1989/#document/p9/a2615950, 8-9.

250 “Studies Suggest Methane Is Not a Major Greenhouse Gas,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gas-natural-1989-bancroft-library-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p123/a2614722, 123.

251 “Studies Suggest Methane Is Not a Major Greenhouse Gas,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gas-natural-1989-bancroftlibrary-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p123/a2614722, 123.

252 “Studies Suggest Methane Is Not a Major Greenhouse Gas,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gasnatural-1989-bancroft-library-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p123/a2614751,123; Robert R. Gamache and D. Golomb, “The Relative Role of Methane And Carbon Dioxide In The Greenhouse Effect,” (University of Lowell Center for Atmospheric Research/American Gas Association, January 1990), courtesy of Robert R. Gamache, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25897685-the-role-of-methaneand-co2-in-the-greenhouse-effect-full-version/.

253 Robert R. Gamache and D. Golomb, “The Relative Role of Methane And Carbon Dioxide In The Greenhouse Effect,” Gas Energy Review 18 (American Gas Association, June 1990), British Library, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25506350-gamache-and-golomb-therelative-role-of-methane-and-co2-in-the-greenhouse-effect-gas-energyreview-june-1990/.

254 Climate Change: The IPCC 1990 & 1992 Assessments, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25877555-ipcc-90-92-assessments-farfull-report/.

255 “Studies Suggest Methane Is Not a Major Greenhouse Gas,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gasnatural-1989-bancroft-library-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p123/a2614720

256 “Studies Suggest Methane Is Not a Major Greenhouse Gas,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gasnatural-1989-bancroft-library-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p124/a2813244

257 “Studies Suggest Methane Is Not a Major Greenhouse Gas,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gasnatural-1989-bancroft-library-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p124/a2813246

258 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Methane Emissions and Opportunities for Control: Workshop Results of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25912948-methane-emissions-and-opportunities-forcontrol-epa-workshop-december-1989/#document/p91/a2661227

259 “Natural Gas In A New Market Environment,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25378114-gas-natural-1989-bancroftlibrary-sierra-club-records-carton-162_folder-8/#document/p109/a2614698

260 Martha M. Hamilton, “Natural Gas, Nuclear Backers See Opportunity in ‘Greenhouse’ Concern,” Washington Post (July 22, 1998), https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1988/07/22/natural-gasnuclear-backers-see-opportunity-in-greenhouse-concern/b7c3ad3f-280f-439c-8041-3cf3fc99d999/.

261 “Controlling Atmospheric CO2” (Exxon Research and Engineering Company, October 16, 1979), courtesy of Climate Files and Inside Climate News, https://www.climatefiles.com/exxonmobil/1979-exxon-memo-onpotential-impact-of-fossil-fuel-combustion.

262 George H. Lawrence, “America’s Strategic Resource,” American Gas (January 1989), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044236-aga-monthly-january-1989index-1988/#document/p4/a2677332, 4.

263 Scott L. Campbell and William F. Martin, “Natural Gas A Strategic Resource For The Future,” Gas Energy Review 17 (American Gas Association, January 1989), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26183778-gas-energy-review-1989-strategic-resource-for-the-future/#document/p3/a2673879, 3.

Section 4: Institutionalization of a Myth (1990-2000)

264 George H. Lawrence, “The Emerging Era of Natural Gas,” American Gas Association Monthly (August 1988), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044218-aga-monthly-august-1988/?mode=document#document/p4/a2678455, 4.

265 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Methane Emissions and Opportunities for Control: Workshop Results of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/ documents/25912948-methane-emissions-and-opportunities-forcontrol-epa-workshop-december-1989/#document/p1/a2655719, 1.

266 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Methane Emissions and Opportunities for Control: Workshop Results of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25912948-methane-emissions-and-opportunities-forcontrol-epa-workshop-december-1989/#document/p156/a2655724, 156-168. Representatives from AGA, INGAA, GRI, PG&E, SoCalGas, Amoco (now BP), and Unocal (now Chevron) attended the workshop.

267 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Methane Emissions and Opportunities for Control: Workshop Results of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25912948-methane-emissions-and-opportunities-forcontrol-epa-workshop-december-1989/#document/p9/a2655753, 9.

268 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Methane Emissions and Opportunities for Control: Workshop Results of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25912948-methane-emissions-and-opportunities-forcontrol-epa-workshop-december-1989/#document/p97/a2791713, 97.

269 Michael Bally III, “Being Part of a Global Solution,” American Gas (April 1992), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047813-aga-monthly-april-1992/#document/p2/a2675135, 2.

270 Donna Mercado, “An Alternative Energy Future: Greenhouse Gases,” Gas Energy Review Vol. 20 (American Gas Association, August 1992), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/ documents/25451067-aga-gas-energy-review-vol-19-1992-loc-tp-700/#document/p97/a2630819, 97.

271 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Methane Emissions and Opportunities for Control: Workshop Results of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25912948-methane-emissions-and-opportunities-for-controlepa-workshop-december-1989/#document/p93/a2661307, 93; Max K. Wallis, “What price a carbon tax?,” Nature vol. 342 (December 1989), https://doi.org/10.1038/342730a0, 730. Also accessible at https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26313319-what-price-a-carbontax-nature-december-1989/#document/p2/a2773922.

272 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Methane Emissions and Opportunities for Control: Workshop Results of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25912948-methane-emissions-and-opportunities-forcontrol-epa-workshop-december-1989/#document/p97/a2661318, 97.

273 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Methane Emissions and Opportunities for Control: Workshop Results of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://www.documentcloud.org/ documents/25912948-methane-emissions-and-opportunities-forcontrol-epa-workshop-december-1989/?mode=document#document/p12/a2773825, 11.

274 International Chamber of Commerce, The Greening of Enterprise (ICC, June 1990), Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/ greeningofenterp0000unse/page/254, 255-256.   279 “ICC Business Charter for Sustainable Development”, International Chamber of Commerce (April 1991), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25970969-icc-business-charter-for-sustainabledevelopment/.

275 International Chamber of Commerce, The Greening of Enterprise, https://archive.org/details/greeningofenterp0000unse/page/156/ mode/2up?q=157, 157.

276 International Chamber of Commerce, The Greening of Enterprise, https://archive.org/details/greeningofenterp0000unse/page/156/ mode/2up?q=157, 158; Bergquist and David, Business (In-)Action: The International Chamber of Commerce and Climate Change from Stockholm to Rio, Uppsala Papers in Economic History (2024), https://journals.uu.se/upeh/article/view/592/526.

277 Jonathan Plaut, co-chair of ICC’s UNCED preparatory task force, prepared statement, July 21, 1992, in House Foreign Affairs Committee, U.S. Policy before the Committee on Foreign Affairs (Washington, DC, 1992), https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/U_S_Policy_Toward_the_United_ Nations_Con/ECs1AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1, 249-259.

278 See, e.g.: “Air Pollution Abatement by the Chemical Industry,” American Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly Vol 13 No. 2 (June 1952), Toxic Docs, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24530756-american-industrial-hygiene-assocation-1952/?mode=document; W. L. Stewart Jr., “Management’s Responsbility in Air Pollution,” (October 1953), Box 5 Folder 6, Union Oil Company of California (Unocal) records 1884-2005 (Collection 449), UCLA Library Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles, https://www.documentcloud.org/ documents/25176503-managements-responsibility-in-air-pollution-w-lstewart- jr-oct-2-1953-unocal-records-box-5-folder-6/?mode=document; John J. Scott, “Air and Water Conservation: A Balanced Approach,” (June 1965), Box F193, ExxonMobil Historical Collection 1790-2014, University of Texas Briscoe Center for American History, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23391798-f193-speech-by-john-j-scottgen-counsel-mobil-june-22-1965/?mode=document#document/p4/a2810089; Ann-Kristin Bergquist and Thomas David, “Beyond Planetary Limits! The International Chamber of Commerce, the United Nations, and the Invention of Sustainable Development,” Business History Review 97, no. 3 (Cambridge University Press, April 2023), https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007680522001076, 481–511.

280 Bergquist and David, “Beyond Planetary Limits! The International Chamber of Commerce, the United Nations, and the Invention of Sustainable Development,” (2023), https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0007680522001076, 500. Also accessible at https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25970955-beyond_planetary_limits_the_international_chamber_of_commerce_the_united_nations_and_the_ invention_of_sustainable_development#document/p20/a2793123, 20.

281 Melissa Aronczyk and Maria I. Espinoza, A Strategic Nature: Public Relations and the Politics of American Environmentalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2022), 141. 282 Aronczyk and Espinoza, A Strategic Nature: Public Relations and the Politics of American Environmentalism, 141.

283 Bergquist and David, “Beyond Planetary Limits! The International Chamber of Commerce, the United Nations, and the Invention of Sustainable Development,” (2023), https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0007680522001076, 501. Also accessible at https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25970955-beyond_planetary_limits_the_international_chamber_of_commerce_the_united_nations_and_the_ invention_of_sustainable_development#document/p21/a2793121, 21.

284 “ICC Business Charter for Sustainable Development”, International Chamber of Commerce, https://www.documentcloud.org/ documents/25970969-icc-business-charter-for-sustainabledevelopment/# document/p2/a2791743, 2.

285 Jacki Kelley, “Satellite Monitoring—Not Just a Pipe Dream,” Gas Research Institute Digest (Spring 1989), Thomas Boulevard Library, University of Pittsburgh, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24628007-grid-spring-1989-articles/#document/p18/a2555365, 18; Laura Kennedy, “New Ways for Rights of Way,” American Gas (February 1990), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/ documents/26044264-aga-monthly-february-1990/#document/p6/ a2675593, 6.

286 Kennedy, “New Ways for Rights of Way,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26044264-aga-monthly-february-1990/#document/p6/a2675593, 6.

287 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States: Estimates for 1990 Report to Congress, EPA 430-R-93-003 (April 1993), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25942918-anthropogenic-methane-emissions-in-the-usreport-to-congress-estimate-for-1990/#document/p47/a2675602, 47.

288 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States: Estimates for 1990 Report to Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25942918-anthropogenic-methane-emissions-in-the-us-report-to-congressestimate-for-1990/#document/p47/a2675602, 47.

289 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Anthropogenic Methane Emissions in the United States: Estimates for 1990 Report to Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25942918-anthropogenic-methane-emissions-in-the-us-report-to-congressestimate-for-1990/#document/p47/a2675602, 47.

290 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Methane Emissions and Opportunities for Control: Workshop Results of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25912948-methane-emissions-and-opportunities-forcontrol-epa-workshop-december-1989/#document/p42/a2661277, 42.

291 Wallis, “What price a carbon tax?,” https://doi.org/10.1038/342730a0, 730. Also accessible at https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26313319-what-price-a-carbon-tax-nature-december- 1989/#document/p2/a2773922.

296 Frank Ahrens, “Finders of Lost Gas,” American Gas (May 1991), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047733-aga-monthly-may-1991/?mode=document#document/p39/a2810091, 39.

297 American Petroleum Institute, “The American Petroleum Institute (API) Position on Global Climate Change,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/28110478-ipieca-briefing-documentation-on-potentialenhanced-greenhouse-effect-february-1990#document/p10/a2815454, 10.

298 American Petroleum Institute, “The American Petroleum Institute (API) Position on Global Climate Change,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/28110478-ipieca-briefing-documentation-on-potentialenhanced-greenhouse-effect-february-1990#document/p10/a2815455, 10.

299 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Methane Emissions and Opportunities for Control: Workshop Results of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25912948-methane-emissions-and-opportunities-forcontrol-epa-workshop-december-1989/#document/p45/a2661298, 44.

300 International Chamber of Commerce, The Greening of Enterprise, https://archive.org/details/greeningofenterp0000unse/page/92/mode/2up?q=gillam, 93.

301 International Chamber of Commerce, The Greening of Enterprise, https://archive.org/details/greeningofenterp0000unse/page/94/ mode/2up?q=gillam, 94..

302 International Chamber of Commerce, The Greening of Enterprise, https://archive.org/details/greeningofenterp0000unse/page/98/mode/2up?q=British+Petroleum, 98.

303 International Chamber of Commerce, The Greening of Enterprise, https://archive.org/details/greeningofenterp0000unse/page/254/mode/2up, 255.

304 “List of ICC Environment Committee Members 1987 & 1992,” courtesy of Ann-Kristin Bergquist and Thomas David, Private Collection.

305 International Chamber of Commerce, Business Charter for Sustainable Development, (1997), Internet Archive https://web.archive.org/web/19970703082402/http://www.iccwbo.org/charter.html; https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/28216808-icc-publicdocument-business-charter-for-sustainable-development#document/p5/a2820224, 5.

306 Peter Gorrie, “Natural gas spills offset environmental advantage,” Toronto Star (September 1990), Newspapers.com, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25999936-the-toronto-star-1990-09-14-34/#document/p1/a2664533.

307 Darrow, “How To Communicate In A Crisis,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23795870-how-to-communicate-in-acrisis/?mode=document#document/p7/a2249850, 7.

308 Theodore L. Willke, “Global Climate Change: The Role of Natural Gas,” GRID (Spring 1990), Thomas Boulevard Library, University of Pittsburgh, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24630521-grid-spring-1990/?mode=document#document/p4/a2563404, 4.

309 Willke, “Global Climate Change: The Role of Natural Gas,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/24630521-grid-spring-1990/#document/p4/a2563408, 4.

310 Burnett, “Getting the Job Done,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24630528-grid-summer-1992#document/p14/a2563778, 14.

311 Willke, “Global Climate Change: The Role of Natural Gas,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24630521-grid-spring-1990/?mode=document#document/p4/a2563408, 4.

312 Willke, “Global Climate Change: The Role of Natural Gas,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24630521-grid-spring-1990#document/p4/a2563411, 4.

313 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 3: General Methodology,” EPA-600/R-96-080c (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Gas Research Institute, June 1996), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25198564-methane-emissions-from-thenatural-gas-industry-volume-3-methodology/?mode=document.

314 “GRI to Study Role of Methane in Global Warming,” International Gas Technology (January 1990), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25560317-igt-jan-22-1990/#document/p2/a2627464, 2.

315 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 3: General Methodology,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25198564-methane-emissions-from-the-natural-gasindustry-volume-3-methodology/?mode=document#document/p2/a2629520, 2.

316 While preparing the study, Radian was also simultaneously under contract with GRI to develop commercial emission control technologies. One of the Radian authors, R. Michael Cowgill, had been a consultant to PG&E’s R&D department and the project manager of its unaccountedfor gas study (co-funded by PG&E and GRI) prior to working on the GRI-EPA study. “A New Emission Control Technology Comes to the Natural Gas Industry,” (Radian International, May 1995), Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/19970205023436/http:/radian.com/radrept/1995/may2.htm; Ahrens, “Finders of Lost Gas,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047733-aga-monthly-may-1991/?mode=document#document/p37/a2815179, 37.

317 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 1: Executive Summary,” EPA-600/R-96-080a (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Gas Research Institute, June 1996), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23681762-methane-emissionsfrom-the-natural-gas-industry-1996/?mode=document#document/p11/ a2627502,11.

318 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 3: General Methodology,” EPA-600/R-96-080c (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Gas Research Institute, June 1996), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25198564-methane-emissionsfrom-the-natural-gas-industry-volume-3-methodology/#document/p13/a2629532, 13.

319 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 2: Technical Report,” EPA-600/R-96-CSOb (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Gas Research Institute, June 1996), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23728216-methane-emissions-fromthat-natural-gas-industry-volume-2/?mode=document#document/p148/a2675938, 148-150.

320 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 2: Technical Report,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23728216-methane-emissions-from-that-natural-gasindustry-volume-2/?mode=document#document/p148/a2675938, 148-150.

321 “Report Shows Findings on Methane Emissions,” American Gas (September 1991), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047746-aga-monthly-september-1991/#document/p35/a2808405, 35.

322 Peoples Gas, “Natural Gas: The Environmental Protection Energy,” advertisement, Chicago Tribune (April 1991), Newspapers.com, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26311759-chicagotribune-1991-04-25-141/.

323 Kenneth L. Lay, “Natural Gas: The Cost Effective Link Between Robust Economic Growth and Aggressive Environmental Protection,” June 23, 1992, FOIA: Enron Documents 1992, U.S. Department of Energy, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25506333-enron1992/?mode=document#document/p53/a2773923, 53.

324 Michael Bally III, “Being Part of a Global Solution,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047813-aga-monthly-april-1992/#document/p2/a2808409, 2.

325 Michael Bally III, “Being Part of a Global Solution,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047813-aga-monthly-april-1992/#document/p2/a2808406, 2.

326 Michael Bally III, “Being Part of a Global Solution,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047813-aga-monthly-april-1992/#document/p2/a2808408, 2.

327 Frank Ahrens, “Finders of Lost Gas,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047733-aga-monthly-may-1991#document/p37/a2675158, 37.

328 “Natural Gas Producers Eye Dropping Out of Global Warming Policy Coalition,” Inside EPA’s Clean Air Report Vol. 3 (Inside Washington Publishers, May 1992), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25198684-inside-epa-92-naturalgasproducers/#document/p2/a2675411, 2.

329 “Global Climate Coalition Membership,” (November 1989), courtesy of Climate Files and Inside Climate News, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/5674022-1989-GcC-Membership/.

330 “Natural Gas Producers Eye Dropping Out of Global Warming Policy Coalition,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25198684-inside-epa-92-naturalgasproducers/#document/p2/a2675411, 2.

331 “Natural Gas Producers Eye Dropping Out of Global Warming Policy Coalition,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25198684-inside-epa-92-naturalgasproducers/#document/p2/a2675411, 2.

332 Robert L. Bradley, Jr., ENRON Ascending: The Forgotten Years, 1984- 1996 (Wiley-Scrivener, 2018), 332.

333 At the launch of the Natural Gas Council, members included the American Gas Association, Independent Petroleum Association of America, the Interstate Natural Gas Association of America, and the Natural Gas Supply Association. American Petroleum Institute is also a longtime member. Bradley, Jr., ENRON Ascending: The Forgotten Years, 1984-1996, 232; Natural Gas Council, https://naturalgascouncil.org/.

334 Bradley, Jr., ENRON Ascending: The Forgotten Years, 1984-1996, 332.

335 Bradley, Jr., ENRON Ascending: The Forgotten Years, 1984-1996, 332; “Natural Gas Council Announces Goals,” American Gas (September 1992), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047818-aga-monthly-september-1992#document/p28, 28.

336 “Natural Gas Supply Association: Minutes of the Steering Committee Meeting,” (July 16, 1992), Box 2008- 294 44A. Folder Natural Gas Supply Association, Texas Independent Producers and Royalty Owners Records, University of Texas Briscoe Center for American History, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25893437-box-2008-294-44a-09743988-folder-natural-gas-supply-association/?mode=document#document/p38/a2631498, 38.

337 Michael Baly III, “Becoming a United Industry,” American Gas (October 1992), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047822-aga-monthly-october-1992/#document/p4/a2676709, 4.

338 “An Alternative Energy Future,” (April 1992), Bodleian Library, Oxford University, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25981405-analternative-energy-future-aga-1992/?mode=document#document/p5/a2661963, 5.

339 Todd Bernhardt, “Considering the Alternative,” American Gas (October 1992), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/ documents/26047822-aga-monthly-october-1992/#document/p27/a2675703, 27.

340 Scott Sklar, former executive director of the Solar Energy Industries Association, interview with authors, Summer 2025.

341 “Free-Market Approach to Reduced Emissions Can Work, Says Study” American Gas (July 1992), British Library, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25421087-aga-monthly-july-1992/#document/p5/a2655339, 5.

342 “An Alternative Energy Future,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud. org/documents/25981405-an-alternative-energy-future-aga- 1992#document/p17/a2661994, 17.

343 “An Alternative Energy Future,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25981405-an-alternative-energy-future-aga-1992#document/p10/a2661974, 9.

344 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Methane Emissions and Opportunities for Control: Workshop Results of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25912948-methane-emissions-and-opportunities-forcontrol-epa-workshop-december-1989/#document/p93/a2661307, 93.

345 “International Chamber of Commerce Industry Forum on Environment and Development,” (May 25-27, 1992), Box 467, Folder 4436, Maurice F. Strong Papers, Harvard Library, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25992882-strong-b467- f4436/?mode=document#document/p25/a2663783, 24-26; Pratap Chatterjee, Matthias Finger, The Earth Brokers, (Routledge, 1994).

346 In 1992 the International Chamber of Commerce’s members included Shell, BP, and Exxon. “List of ICC Environment Committee Members 1987 & 1992.” 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro.

347 “International Chamber of Commerce Industry Forum on Environment and Development,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25992882-strong-b467-f4436/#document/p19/a2663772, 19.

348 International Chamber of Commerce, The Greening of Enterprise, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25998886-fromideas-to-action-business-and-sustainable-development-the-greening-ofenterprise-1992-icc-may-1992/#document/p11/a2664457, 11.

349 International Chamber of Commerce, The Greening of Enterprise, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25998886-fromideas-to-action-business-and-sustainable-development-the-greening-ofenterprise-1992-icc-may-1992/#document/p58/a2664498, 58. 

350 Sklar, interview with authors.

351 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-14 June 1992, https://www.un.org/en/conferences/environment/rio1992.

352 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, Rio de Janeiro (June 1992), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/28268742-agenda21#document.

353 Aronczyk and Espinoza, A Strategic Nature: Public Relations and the Politics of American Environmentalism, 142.

354 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, Rio de Janeiro (June 1992), https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/ publications/Agenda21.pdf, 289.

355 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/publications/Agenda21.pdf,

356 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, https://sdgs.un.org/sites/default/files/publications/Agenda21.pdf at 290.

357 Jonathan Plaut, House Foreign Affairs Committee, U.S. Policy before the Committee on Foreign Affairs , https://www.google.co.uk/ books/edition/U_S_Policy_Toward_the_United_Nations_Con/ ECs1AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1, 249-259.

358 Pratap Chatterjee, “Who Pays for the Earth Summit,” New Scientist (April 11 1992), https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13418162-900/?_ptid.

359 Business Council for Sustainable Energy Future (BCSEF), “Organizational Meeting Minutes and Documents,” December 11, 1992, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047410-bcse-organizationalmeeting-minutes-and-docs-december-11-1992/#document/p2/a2666439, 2; https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047410-bcse-organizational-meeting-minutes-anddocs-december-11-1992/#document/p2/a2666436, 2; https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047410-bcse-organizationalmeeting-minutes-and-docs-december-11-1992/#document/p2/a2666438, 2; BCSEF, “What is the Business Council For A Sustainable Energy Future?,” video, accessed May 8, 2026, https://bcse.org/celebrating-30-years-bipartisan-clean-energy-solutions/, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26340934-bcsef-early-document/.

360 BCSEF, “Organizational Meeting Minutes and Documents,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047410- bcse-organizational-meeting-minutes-and-docs-december-11-1992/#document/p1/a2666418, and https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047410-bcse-organizationalmeeting-minutes-and-docs-december-11-1992/#document/p8/a2666455

361 BCSEF, “Organizational Meeting Minutes and Documents,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047410-bcse-organizationalmeeting-minutes-and-docs-december-11-1992/#document/p2/a2666439

362 BCSEF, “Organizational Meeting Minutes and Documents,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047410- bcse-organizational-meeting-minutes-and-docs-december-11-1992/#document/p2/a2666438

363 “Free-Market Approach To Reduced Emissions Can Work, Says Study,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25421087-agamonthly-july-1992#document/p5/a2655336

364 “Free-Market Approach To Reduced Emissions Can Work, Says Study,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25421087-agamonthly-july-1992#document/p5/a2655338

365 Bernhardt, “Considering the Alternative,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047822-aga-monthly-october-1992/#document/p24/a2810389

366 “From Ideas to Action, Business and Sustainable Development,” The Greening of Enterprise (International Chamber of Commerce, May 1992), British Library, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25998886-from-ideas-to-action-business-andsustainable-development-the-greening-of-enterprise-1992-icc-may-1992/#document/p58/a2664498, 58; Rhonda Lucas Donald, “A Green Thumbs Up,” American Gas (June 1993), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047852-agamonthly-june-1993#document/p23/a2809936, 23.

367 Baly, “The Blue Flame Knows How To Think Green,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047852-aga-monthly-june-1993#document/p2/a2809933, 2.

368 Michael Baly III, “Natural Gas Remains a Priority In The White House,” American Gas (December 1992-January 1993), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047817-aga-monthlydecember-1992january-1993/?mode=document#document/p2/a2774522, 2.

369 William J. Clinton and Albert Gore, Jr., “The Climate Change Action Plan,” (October 1993), https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ pt?id=uc1.31822033838525&seq=1, 32.

370 Voluntary Emissions Reporting Good for Gas Industry,” American Gas (April 1995), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047883-aga-monthly-april-1995/#document/p9/a2675586, 9.

371 “EPA Launches a New Cooperative Program with Gas Producers,” (EPA: March 27, 1995), Internet Archive, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25943177-natural-gas-star-program-epa-press-advisorymarch-27-1995/.

372 Cate Barnett Alexander, “Star Power,” American Gas (May 1996), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047900-aga-monthly-may-1996/?mode=document#document/p22/a2677229, 22, 12.

373 Alexander, “Star Power,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047900-aga-monthly-may-1996/#document/p23/ a2822670, 23.

374 Alexander, “Star Power,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047900-aga-monthly-may-1996/#document/p24/ a2677234, 24.

375 Alexander, “Star Power,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047900-aga-monthly-may-1996/#document/p23/ a2822672, 23.

376 “Natural Gas Star newsletter,” (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Spring 1999), Internet Archive, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25970012-natural-gas-star-newsletter-1999/?mode=document#document/p1/a2655614, 1.

377 “Natural Gas Star newsletter,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25970012-natural-gas-star-newsletter-1999/?mode=document#document/p1/a2655614, 1.

378 “EPA Launches a New Cooperative Program with Gas Producers,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25943177-natural-gas-starprogram-epa-press-advisory-march-27-1995/.

379 “NGSA Environmental Subcommittee: Draft Position Statement on Environmental Externalities,” (February 17, 1993), Box 2008-294 28A, Folder: Environmental Issue Networking, Texas Independent Producers and Royalty Owners Records, University of Texas Briscoe Center for American History, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25894459-2008-294-28a-enviro-issues-networking/?mode= document#document/p7/a2649926, 7.

380 Alexander, “Star Power,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047900-aga-monthly-may-1996/?mode=document#document/p23/a2677230, 23.

381 “Voluntary Emissions Reporting Good for Gas Industry,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047883-aga-monthly-april-1995/#document/p9/a2675587, 9.

382 Alexander, “Star Power,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047900-aga-monthly-may-1996/?mode=document#document/p24/a2677235, 24.

383 “Climate Change: Voluntary Actions by the Oil and Gas Industry,” American Petroleum Institute (1999), P2 InfoHouse, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26313528-api-1999-climate-changevoluntary- actions-report/?mode=document#document/p16/a2773938, 16.

384 Alexander, “Star Power,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047900-aga-monthly-may-1996/?mode=document#document/p24/a2677235, 24.

385 Alexander, “Star Power,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047900-aga-monthly-may-1996/?mode=document#document/p24/a2677235, 24.

386 Alexander, “Star Power,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047817-aga-monthly-december-1992january-1993/?mode=document#document/p26/a2677255, 26.

387 “New Directions: Natural Gas Energy And The Environment,” Gas Energy Review 21 (American Gas Association, August 1993), ProQuest, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25973110-ger-aug-1993-new-directions-natural-gas-energy-and-theenviro/?mode=document#document/p2/a2675233, 2.

388 “Building a Bridge to The Future,” American Gas (December 1994-January 1995), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047877-aga-monthly-december-1994january-1995/?mode=document#document/p19/a2675757, 19.

389 “Building a Bridge to The Future,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047877-aga-monthly-december-1994january-1995/?mode=document#document/p19/a2675757, 19.

390 “Building a Bridge to The Future,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047877-aga-monthly-december-1994january-1995/?mode=document#document/p19/a2675758, 19.

391 Daniel Macey, “Gas and Environmentalism: Strange Bedfellows?” (Natural Gas, Summer 1993) https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25894459-2008-294-28a-enviro-issues-networking/?mode= document#document/p10/a2649938, 10.

392 “What is the Business Council For A Sustainable Energy Future?,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26340934-bcsef-earlydocument/; BCSEF, “Organizational Meeting Minutes and Documents,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047410-bcse-organizational-meeting-minutes-and-docs-december-11- 1992/#document/p1/a2666417, 1.

393 Michael Baly III, “How To Allocate Energy R&D Funding,” American Gas (July 1995), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047888-aga-monthly-july-1995/?mode=document#document/p4/a2809895, 4.

394 Baly, “How To Allocate Energy R&D Funding,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047888-aga-monthly-july- 1995/#document/p4/a2809896, 4.

395 David Parker, “Advancing Our Advocacy Agenda,” American Gas (September 1998), U.S. Library of Congress, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047929-aga-monthly-september-1998#document/p7/a2809901, 7.

396 Parker, “Advancing Our Advocacy Agenda,” https://legacy.www. documentcloud.org/documents/26047929-aga-monthly-september- 1998#document/p7/a2809901, 7.

397 Parker, “Advancing Our Advocacy Agenda,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047929-aga-monthly-september-1998#document/p7/a2809904, 7.

398 Parker, “Advancing Our Advocacy Agenda,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047929-aga-monthly-september-1998#document/p7/a2809910, 7.

399 Charles River Associates, “Renewable Energy Mandates & Electric Utilities Restructuring,” (Natural Gas Supply Association, May 1997), Internet Archive, https://www.documentcloud.org/ documents/26211908-ngsa-charles-river-report-on-renewablesmandates/; “NGSA Media Release Index,” (Natural Gas Supply Association, December 1998), Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/19981201205741/http://www.ngsa.org/MEDIA.HTM.

400 Benjamin Franta, “Weaponizing Economics: Big Oil, Economic Consultants, and Climate Policy Delay,” Environmental Politics 31, no. 4 (2022), https://doi.org/10.1080/09644016.2021.1947636.

401 “Petition Seeks Elimination of Gas Tariff,” Tulsa World (June 22, 1997), Newspapers.com, https://www.documentcloud.org/ documents/26311979-tulsa-world-1997-06-22-63/.

402 Natural Gas Supply Association, “NGSA Details Problems With Solar Energy” (August 20, 1997), NGSA Press Release, Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/19990203122805/http://www.ngsa.org/ SOLAR-PR.HTM; Natural Gas Supply Association, “NGSA Warns of Wind Power’s Cost” (August 27, 1997), Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/19990204013555/http://www.ngsa.org/WINDREL. HTM; Natural Gas Supply Association, “NGSA Media Release Index” (December 1998), Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/19981201205741/http://www.ngsa.org/MEDIA.HTM.

403 Leif Fredrickson et al., “History of US Presidential Assaults on Modern Environmental Health Protection,” American Journal of Public Health 108, (April 2018), https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5922215/; Michael Mansur, “Anti-pollution efforts hindered by EPA budget cuts” Kansas City Star (November 30, 1995), Newspapers.com, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/28099910-the-kansas-city-star-1995-11-30-36/?mode=document#document/p1/a2815178.

404 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 2: Technical Report,” EPA-600/R-96-CSOb (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Gas Research Institute, June 1996), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23728216-methane-emissions-from-that-natural-gas-industry-volume-2/?mode=document#document/p47/a2627538, 47.

405 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 2: Technical Report,” https://www.documentcloud.org/ documents/23728216-methane-emissions-from-that-natural-gasindustry-volume-2/?mode=document#document/p47/a2627537, 47.

406 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 2: Technical Report,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23728216-methane-emissions-from-that-natural-gasindustry-volume-2/?mode=document#document/p47/a2627539, 47.

407 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 2: Technical Report,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23728216-methane-emissions-from-that-natural-gasindustry-volume-2/?mode=document#document/p47/a2627540, 47.

408 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 3: General Methodology,” EPA-600/R-96-080c (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Gas Research Institute, June 1996), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25198564- methane-emissions-from-the-natural-gas-industry-volume-3- methodology/#document/p77/a2629541, 77.

409 “EPA memorandum on peer review procedures for gas industry report, with handwritten note,” (July 22, 1994), U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, FOIA Release,” https://www.documentcloud.org/ documents/25100324-scanned-from-rtp-d-251-m-08-08-2024-135429/?mode=document#document/p36/a2630124, 36.

410 “Natural Gas: A Strategy for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” Gas Research Institute Digest (Fall 1996), Thomas Boulevard Library, University of Pittsburgh, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/ documents/24638056-grid-fall-1996/#document/p27/a2567684, 27.

411 “EPA memorandum on peer review procedures for gas industry report, with handwritten note,” https://www.documentcloud.org/ documents/25100324-scanned-,from-rtp-d-251-m-08-08-2024-135429/?mode=document#document/p36/a2630127, 36.

412 Blair Martin, “Handwritten memo to Frank T. Princiotta,” EPA (July 23, 1996), U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, FOIA Release, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25100324-scanned-from-rtp-d-251-m- 08-08-2024-135429/?mode=document#document/p39/a2630134, 39.

413 “ORD Clearance Form for Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vols. 1-7 ,” January 14, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, FOIA Release, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25100324-scanned-from-rtp-d-251-m-08-08-2024-135429/?mode=document#document/p3/a2630104, 3.

414 “ORD Clearance Form for Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vols. 1-7,” https://www.documentcloud.org/ documents/25100324-scanned-from-rtp-d-251-m-08-08-2024- 135429/?mode=document#document/p3/a2630104, 3.

415 “ORD Clearance Forms for Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vols 8-15,” January 14, 1997, U.S. EPA Office of Research and Development Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, FOIA Release, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25100325-scanned-from-rtp-d-251-m-08-08-2024-140540/.

416 “EPA memorandum on peer review procedures for gas industry report, with handwritten note,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25100324-scanned-from-rtp-d-251-m-08-08-2024-135429/?mode=document#document/p36/a2630125, 36; “EPA memorandum on peer review procedures for gas industry report, with handwritten note,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25100324-scanned-from-rtp-d-251-m-08-08-2024- 135429/#document/p36/a2630126, 36.

417 “EPA memorandum on peer review procedures for gas industry report, with handwritten note,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25100324-scanned-from-rtp-d-251-m-08-08-2024-135429/?mode=document#document/p36/a2630131, 36.

418 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 1: Executive Summary,” EPA-600/R-96-080a (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Gas Research Institute, June 1996), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23681762-methane-emissions-from-thenatural-gas-industry-1996/?mode=document#document/p7/a2233939, 7.

419 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 1: Executive Summary,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23681762-methane-emissions-from-the-natural-gasindustry-1996/#document/p8/a2627499, 8.

420 “Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting From the Petroleum And Natural Gas Industry: Background Technical Support Document,” (U.S Environmental Protection Agency, 2010), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/27900051-ghg-emissions-reporting-from-the-petroleumand-natural-gas-industry-background-and-technical-support-documentepa- 2010/#document/p18/a2809441,18.

421 “EPA memorandum on peer review procedures for gas industry report, with handwritten note,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25100324-scanned-,from-rtp-d-251-m-08-08-2024-135429/?mode=document#document/p36/a2630127; Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 2: Technical Report,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23728216-methane-emissions-from-that-natural-gasindustry- volume-2/?mode=document#document/p37/a2627534, 37. Ravenswood Generating Station in Long Island City, Queens, New York. PHOTO: iStock

422 The oil and gas industry provided data for the study. See e.g. Pacific Gas & Electric Company, Southern California Gas Company, American Petroleum Institute, and Canadian Producers Association. Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 3: General Methodology,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25198564-methane-emissions-from-the-natural-gasindustry-volume-3-methodology/, 116, 90, 98.

423 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 2: Technical Report,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23728216-methane-emissions-from-that-natural-gasindustry-volume-2/?mode=document#document/p37/a2627534, 37.

424 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 3: General Methodology,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25198564-methane-emissions-from-the-natural-gasindustry-volume-3-methodology/?mode=document#document/p93/a2630092, 93.

425 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 3: General Methodology,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25198564-methane-emissions-from-the-natural-gasindustry-volume-3-methodology/?mode=document#document/p93/a2630090, 93,

426 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 3: General Methodology,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25198564-methane-emissions-from-the-natural-gasindustry-volume-3-methodology/?mode=document#document/p152/a2630095, 152.

427 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 3: General Methodology,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25198564-methane-emissions-from-the-natural-gasindustry-volume-3-methodology/?mode=document#document/p182/a2630083, 182.

428 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 3: General Methodology,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25198564-methane-emissions-from-the-natural-gasindustry-volume-3-methodology/?mode=document#document/p28/a2677292, 28-29.

429 “Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting From the Petroleum And Natural Gas Industry: Background Technical Support Document,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/27900051-ghg-emissions-reportingfrom-the-petroleum-and-natural-gas-industry-background-and-technicalsupport-document-epa-2010/?mode=document#document/p47/a2809461, 47.

430 R. W. Howarth, et al., “Methane and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations,” Climatic Change 106, (2011), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23735863-methane-and-thegreenhouse-gas-footprint-of-natural-gas-from-shale-formations-howarthet-al-2011/?mode=document#document.

431 Howarth, et al., “Methane and the greenhouse gas footprint of natural gas from shale formations,”https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23735863-methane-and-the-greenhouse-gasfootprint-of-natural-gas-from-shale-formations-howarth-et-al-2011/?mode=document#document/p3/a263169, 3.

432 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Inspector General, “Improvements Needed In EPA Efforts To Address Methane Emissions From Natural Gas Distribution Pipelines,” Report No. 14-P-0324 (U.S. EPA, July 25, 2014), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/27900052-improvements-needed-in-epa-efforts-to-addressmethane-emissions-from-natural-gas-distribution-pipelines-july-25-2024#document/p22/a2809471, 22-28.

433 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Inspector General, “Improvements Needed In EPA Efforts To Address Methane Emissions From Natural Gas Distribution Pipelines,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/27900052-improvements-needed-inepa-efforts-to-address-methane-emissions-from-natural-gas-distributionpipelines-july-25-2024#document/p3/a2809475, 3.

434 Zachary D. Weller et al., “A National Estimate of Methane Leakage from Pipeline Mains in Natural Gas Local Distribution Systems,” Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 54 Issue 14, (2020), https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00437.

435 Adam R. Brandt, “Methane Leaks From Natural Gas Systems Follow Extreme Distributions,” Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 50 Issue 22, (October 2016), https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b04303; Margaret F. Hendrick et al., “Fugitive methane emissions from leakprone natural gas distribution infrastructure in urban environments,” Environmental Pollution, Vol 213, (June 2016), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.094.

436 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 1: Executive Summary,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23681762-methane-emissions-from-the-natural-gasindustry-1996/#document/p17/a2233997, 17.

437 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the IPCC (Cambridge University Press, 1996), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/25999679-ipcc-second-assessment-report-1995#document/p36/a2815189, 36. 438 Radian International, “Methane Emissions From The Natural Gas Industry Vol. 1: Executive Summary,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/23681762-methane-emissions-from-the-natural-gasindustry-1996/?mode=document#document/p17/a2233995, 17.

439 “Natural Gas: A Strategy for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/24638056-grid-fall-1996/#document/p27/a2567679, 27.

440 “Natural Gas: A Strategy for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24638056-grid-fall-1996#document/p26/a2567659, 26.

441 “Natural Gas: A Strategy for Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24638056-grid-fall-1996/?mode=document#document/p26/a2567665, 26.

442 American Gas Association, “Natural Gas Can Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” (October 13, 1999), Internet Archive, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/28091871-natural-gas-can-reducegreenhouse-emissions/?mode=document.

443 American Gas Association, “About Natural Gas,” (October 13, 1999), Internet Archive, https://www.documentcloud.org/ documents/28091869-aga-about-natural-gas/?mode=document.

444 “Natural Gas Reduces Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” Courier-Post (October 13, 1998), Newspapers.com, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26196134-courier-post-1998-10-13-page-43-50/?mode=document#document/p6/a2677291, 6.

445 Natural Gas Supply Association, “New Natural Gas Educational Site Debuts on Internet,” (September 30, 1996), Internet Archive, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26312538-new-naturalgas-educational-site-debuts-on-internet/.

446 Natural Gas Supply Association, “The Environmental Impact of Natural Gas,” (1998), Internet Archive, https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/26211907-the-environmental-impact-of-naturalgas/#document/p3/a2676194, 3.

447 Louis Aboud, “Figuring Out the Climate for Change,” American Gas (June 1995), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047882-aga-monthly-june-1995/#document/p43/a2821775, 43.

448 “AGA President: Greenhouse Treaty Must Boost Natural Gas Use,” American Gas (February 1998), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047925-aga-monthly-february-1998/?mode=document#document/p14/a2808829, 14.

449 Bruce G. Kauffmann, “Becoming a Player in a New World Order,” American Gas (June 1997), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047917-aga-monthly-june-1997/#document/p26/a2808907, 26.

450 Kauffmann, “Becoming a Player in a New World Order,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26047917-aga-monthly-june-1997/#document/p26/a2808912, 26.

451 “Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting From the Petroleum And Natural Gas Industry: Background Technical Support Document,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/27900051-ghg-emissions-reportingfrom-the-petroleum-and-natural-gas-industry-background-and-technicalsupport-document-epa-2010/#document/p18/a2809441,18.

452 “Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting from the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry: Background Technical Support Document,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/27900051-ghg-emissions-reportingfrom-the-petroleum-and-natural-gas-industry-background-and-technicalsupport-document-epa-2010/?mode=document#document/p9/a2809449, 9.

453 “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Sinks 1990-2014 Revisions to Natural Gas Distribution Emissions” (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, April, 2016), https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016=08/documents/final_revision_ng_distribution_ emissions_2016-04-14.pdf, 10; Garvin Heath, et al., “Estimating U.S. Methane Emissions from the Natural Gas Supply Chain: Approaches, Uncertainties, Current Estimates, and Future Studies,” NREL/ TP-6A50-62820 (Joint Institute for Strategic Analysis, August 2015) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311983785_Estimating_US_Methane_Emissions_from_the_Natural_Gas_Supply_Chain_Approaches_Uncertainties_Current_Estimates_and_Future_Studies, 17.

454 A. J. Turner, et al., “A large increase in methane emissions over the past decade inferred from satellite data and surface observations,” Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 43 Issue 5, (March 2016), https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016GL067987.

456 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting From the Petroleum And Natural Gas Industry: Background Technical Support Document,” https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/27900051-ghg-emissions-reporting-from-the-petroleumand-natural-gas-industry-background-and-technical-support-documentepa- 2010#document/p8/a280944 4, 8.

457 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting From the Petroleum And Natural Gas Industry: Background Technical Support Document,” https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/27900051-ghg-emissions-reporting-from-the-petroleumand-natural-gas-industry-background-and-technical-support-documentepa-2010/#document/p18/a2809454, 18.

458 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990–2016, Chapter 3: Energy,” EPA 430-R-18-003, (2018), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/ documents/27919700-2018-chapter-3-energy#document/p95/a2809827, 95.

459 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2022, Chapter 3: Energy,” EPA 430R-24004 (2024), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/ documents/27919940-us-ghg-inventory-2024-chapter-3-energy#document/p78/a2809840, 78, 99.

460 Weller et al., “A National Estimate of Methane Leakage from Pipeline Mains in Natural Gas Local Distribution Systems,” https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c00437.

461 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “2018 Natural Gas Star Program Accomplishments” (January 19, 2021), https://19january2021snapshot. epa.gov/natural-gas-star-program/2018-natural-gas-star-programaccomplishments_. html; Environmental Defense Fund, “New Data Shows U.S. Oil & Gas Methane Emissions Over Four Times Higher than EPA Estimates, Eight Times Greater than Industry Target” (July 31, 2024), https://www.edf.org/media/new-data-show-us-oil-gas-methaneemissions- over-four-times-higher-epa-estimates-eight-times.

462 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,, “Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-2020: Updates Under Consideration for Gas Star and Methane Challenge Reductions,” (September 2021), https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-09/2022-ghgiupdate-gas-starmc_sept-2021.pdf.

463 See, e.g.: American Petroleum Institute, “Climate Challenge: A Progress Report” (API, 2009), https://grist.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/climate_challenge_brochure_update.pdf; “ChevronTexaco participates in the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Natural Gas Star Program to reduce methane emissions. In 2003, the EPA awarded ChevronTexaco a Certificate of Achievement for its continuing accomplishments, citing the company for ‘aggressively reducing methane emissions and helping lead the way to reducing climate change impacts,” 2002 Chevron Texaco Corporate Responsibility Report: Integrity and learning in an evolving world (ChevronTexaco Corporation, 2003), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26229419-2002-chevrontexaco-corporate-responsibility-report/#document/p39/ a2677070, 39; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Natural Gas Star Partner Update” (Spring 1999), Internet Archive, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25970012-natural-gas-star-newsletter-1999/?mode=document#document/p1/a2655614, 1.

464 See e.g. A 2016 ICF report funded by the Natural Gas Council (NGC) and edited by ExxonMobil that was intended to “show the range and results of methane studies in the public literature.” The report concluded that the “industry continues to reduce methane emissions” despite an expanding body of literature finding otherwise. ICF International, “Finding the Facts on Methane Emissions: A Guide To The Literature,” (ICF/Natural Gas Council, 2016) Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20201021073855/https://www.lngfacts.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/09/NGC-Final-Report-4-25.pdf; “Final Draft: Natural Gas And Methane: Overview and Literature Review,” EMHCOR3- 00636619, U.S. Senate Budget Committee/House Oversight and Accountability Committee investigation records, 2022–2024. https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/28109342-emhcor3-00636619, 3; Charlie Passut, “API, ANGA Laud Results of Second UT Emissions Study,” Shale Daily (December 9, 2014), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/documents/27919990-api-anga-laud-resultsof-second-ut-methane-emissions-study.

465 MethaneSAT, “Project Update: First look at a system wide view,” (2026), https://www.methanesat.org/project-updates/first-look-system-wideview

Conclusion

466 George H. Lawrence, “The Emerging Era of Gas,” AGA Monthly (August 1988), U.S. Library of Congress, https://www.documentcloud.org/ documents/26044218-aga-monthly-august-1988/#document/p4/a2678455, 4.

467 “First Academic Study Released in EDF’s Groundbreaking Methane Emissions Series,” September 16, 2013, https://www.edf.org/media/ first-academic-study-released-edfs-groundbreaking-methane-emissionsseries; ICF International, “Finding the Facts on Methane Emissions: A Guide To The Literature,” (ICF/Natural Gas Council, 2016) Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20201021073855/https://www.lngfacts.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/09/NGC-Final-Report-4-25.pdf;

468 David Parker, “Advancing Our Advocacy Agenda,” American Gas (September 1998), https://legacy.www.documentcloud.org/ documents/26047929-aga-monthly-september-1998#document/p7/a2809901

469 Rebecca John, “Revealed: Now There’s Proof That the Fossil Fuel Industry Uses Cultural Partnerships to Block Climate Action,” DeSmog, May 20, 2025, https://www.desmog.com/2025/05/20/revealed-nowtheres-proof-that-the-fossil-fuel-industry-uses-cultural-sponsorships-toblock-climate-action/.

470 U.S. Energy Information Administration. U.S. Natural Gas Consumption, Annual, https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/hist/n9140us2a.htm.

471 Statista Research Department, “Net electricity generation in the United States from 1990 to 2024, by energy source,” January 20, 2026, https://www.statista.com/statistics/220174/total-us-electricity-net-generationby-fuel/.h

472 Aloys Nghiem, et al, “Natural Gas Is Now Stronger Than Ever in the United States Power Sector,” International Energy Agency (IEA), December 4, 2023, https://www.iea.org/commentaries/natural-gas-isnow-stronger-than-ever-in-the-united-states-power-sector.

473 U.S. Energy Information Administration, “Three U.S. regions each produce more natural gas than most countries,” Today in Energy, November 7, 2025, https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=66584.

474 Noah Ver Beek, et al, The Dirty Truth, Sierra Club (September 2025), https://www.sierraclub.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/dirty-truthreport-2025.pdf, 7

475 International Energy Agency, Global Energy Review 2025 (March 2025), https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/5b169aa1-bc88-4c96-b828-aaa50406ba80/GlobalEnergyReview2025.pdf, 32.

476 Alexandra White, “Big US gas producers are methane super emitters, environmental groups’ data shows,” Financial Times (January 23 2026), https://www.ft.com/content/200995c4-3d34-464a-8685-a9aac4d2bb4f?syn-25a6b1a6=1; Nicholas Kusnetz, “Is Natural Gas Really Helping the U.S. Cut Emissions?” Inside Climate News (January 30 2020), https://insideclimatenews.org/news/30012020/natural-gas-methanecarbon-emissions.

477 John Browne, “Climate Change: Speech to the Institutional Investors Group”, (BP, November 26, 2003), Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20031223092549/http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=98&contentId=2015334.

478 International Energy Agency, World Energy Investment 2025, (2025), https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2025/executivesummary.

479 Dennis Wamsted, “The Misguided Stampede to Build Gas Power Plants: (Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis, April 8 2026), https://ieefa.org/resources/misguided-stampede-build-gas-powerplants; Natural Allies for a Clean Energy Future, Benefits of Natural Gas, https://www.naturalalliesforcleanenergy.org/benefits-of-natural-gas/.

480 Natural Allies for a Clean Energy Future, The Reliability of Natural Gas Enables the Expansion of Carbon-Free Renewables, https://www.naturalalliesforcleanenergy.org/benefits-of-natural-gas/reliable-energyto-support-renewables/.

481 BP, “Sustainability Report 2004: Making the Right Choices” (2005), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26279234-bp-2004-sustainabilityreport/?mode=document#document/p4/a2677338, 4

482 “Draft: The Biggest Challenges and Opportunities Facing the Global Gas Industry,” BPA-HCOR 00116893, U.S. Senate Budget Committee/House Oversight and Accountability Committee investigation records, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/28310688-congressional-big-oilinvestigation-may-2024-bpa-hcor-00116893/, 3.

483 “Climate Change: Voluntary Actions by the Oil and Gas Industry,” (American Petroleum Institute, December 1999), https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26313528-api-1999-climate-changevoluntary-actions-report/?mode=document#document/p16/a2773938

484 “Inaugural meeting of the API Voluntary Methane Program Steering Committee,” BPA HCOR 00039279, https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/26313465-bpa-hcor-00039279/

485 NASA, “Methane Earth Indicator”, https://science.nasa.gov/earth/ explore/earth-indicators/methane.

486 NASA, “A Global View of Methane,” March 15, 2016, https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/a-global-view-of-methane-87681/.

487 International Energy Agency, Global Methane Tracker 2026, https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2026/key-findings; Oil Change International, “U.S. Gas Industry Claims Are False: Analysis of IEA Methane Tracker Finds,” May 16, 2024, https://oilchange.org/news/u-s-gas-industry-claims-are-false-analysis-of-iea-methane-trackerfinds-u-s-oil-gas-sector-lags-behind-eighteen-other-countries-onemissions-intensity/.